Exam 3 Concepts Lecture 15

Front 1

What must a pathogen do to cause a disease?

Back 1

Get inside the host, and survive inside the host.

Front 2

What system recognizes foreign substances or microbes and acts to neutralize or destroy them?

Back 2

Immune system

Front 3

What are the two types of immune responses?

Back 3

Innate and adaptive

Front 4

What line of defense is comprised of antibodies, lymphocytes, B and T cells?

Back 4

Third line of defense

Front 5

What line of defense is comprised of barriers, skin, and mucous membranes?

Back 5

First line of defense

Front 6

What line of defense is comprised of antimicrobial peptides, complements, cytokines, inflammation, phagocytes, and Natural killer cells?

Back 6

Second line of defense

Front 7

What lines of defense is covered by adaptive immunity?

Back 7

Third line

Front 8

What lines of defense is covered by innate immunity?

Back 8

First and second line.

Front 9

What is the first line of defense impacted by?

Back 9

Nutrition, physiology, fever, age, genetics, personal hygiene, and living conditions

Front 10

Why is the skin an immune defense?

Back 10

It is a dry acidic environment, covered with a layer of hard to degrade cells, and cells that easily fall off bringing the bacteria with it. It has toxic lipids and lysozymes protecting the hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands, and the normal microbiota on the skin competes with pathogens for nutrients and colonization sites

Front 11

Where are mucous membranes located?

Back 11

Mouth, eyes, ears, nares, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, urogenital tract, and anus.

Front 12

What are the antimicrobial secretions in the mucous membranes?

Back 12

Lysozymes, RNAse enzymes, Lactoferrin, and lactoperoxidase

Front 13

What antimicrobial secretion is very effective against gram positive bacteria?

Back 13

Lysozymes

Front 14

What are the components of the innate immune system?

Back 14

Chemical and cellular components.

Front 15

Where are antimicrobial peptides found?

Back 15

Everything from ameobas to humans.

Front 16

Where are antimicrobial peptides abundant?

Back 16

External mucosa, immune cells, and the intestinal tract

Front 17

Are antimicrobial peptides hydrophobic or hydrophilic, and why?

Back 17

Both. It’s amphipathic. This way it can insert itself into the membrane

Front 18

Define amphipathic

Back 18

something with both a hydrophobic and hydrophilic region

Front 19

How many classes are there in antimicrobial peptides?

Back 19

3

Front 20

What are the classes of antimicrobial peptides?

Back 20

1st class: Linear alpha-helical peptides that lack a cysteine amino acid residues. 2nd class: Defensins which are rich in arginine and cysteine, and disulfide linked. 3rd class: Larger peptides that exhibit regular structural repeats.

Front 21

What is cathelicidin an example of?

Back 21

A first class antimicrobial peptide

Front 22

What is histatin an example of?

Back 22

A third class antimicrobial peptide

Front 23

What are bacteriocins produced by?

Back 23

Gram+ and gram- cell

Front 24

What are the major activities of the complement system?

Back 24

Defend against bacterial infections, and bridging innate and adaptive immunity.

Front 25

How does a complement system help to defend against bacterial infections?

Back 25

Opsonizing bacteria

Front 26

What can opsonins be?

Back 26

Comlements or antibodies

Front 27

How do opsonins affect the immune system

Back 27

They complement them by making the opsonized microbes more easily recognized by phagocytic cells, which will then eat the opsonized cell

Front 28

How can a cell be opsonized?

Back 28

An antibody, a complement, or an antibody AND a compliment.

Front 29

What does opsonization do besides opsonizing microbes?

Back 29

Directly killing bacteria by forming MACs, and recruits additional components of the immune system

Front 30

What are the three groups of cytokines?

Back 30

Regulators of innate resistance mechanisms, regulators of adaptive immunity, stimulators of hematopoiesis

Front 31

What is hematopoiesis

Back 31

creating new red/white blood cells

Front 32

What is the main function of a tumor necrosis factor?

Back 32

Induce inflammation

Front 33

What is a primary function of cytokines?

Back 33

Inflammation

Front 34

What is the purpose of inflammation?

Back 34

To recruit components of the immune system to the site of damage or infection

Front 35

What are pro-inflammatory cytokines, and what leads to them being induced?

Back 35

They are cytokines which induce inflammation (redness heat and swelling, and pus). They are induced by infection or damage.

Front 36

List the chemical components of the innate immune system

Back 36

antimicrobial peptides, complements, and cytokines

Front 37

List the cellular components of the innate immune system

Back 37

phagocytes and natural killer cells

Front 38

What are the two mechanisms for recognition of microbes by phagocytes

Back 38

Opsonin independent recognition and opsonin dependant recognition

Front 39

How can phagocytosis be greatly increased?

Back 39

Opsonization

Front 40

Are PAMPS present in hosts?

Back 40

No.

Front 41

What are toll like receptors?

Back 41

A class of pattern recognition receptors, which function exclusively as signaling receptors. They recognize the pathogen associated molecular patterns of bacteria and fungi and viruses. They bind to them and start screaming to the host cell, which alerts phagocytic cells to eat it.

Front 42

What are the steps of phagocytosis?

Back 42

Microbes are turned into phagosome once bound. Phagosome fuses with lysosome and becomes phagolysosome. Lysosome releases degradative compounds into phagolysosome. This breaks down and digests the molecule.

Front 43

Where do you see exocytosis in phagocytosis?

Back 43

When the phagolysosome fuses with a cell membrane, there is a release of microbial fragments which are released.

Front 44

What is the link between adaptive immunity and innate immunity?

Back 44

Exocytosis

Front 45

What are white blood cells also known as?

Back 45

Leukocytes

Front 46

What are the phagocytic cells?

Back 46

Monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutropiils

Front 47

How do natural killer cells kill things?

Back 47

They release ganzymes.

Front 48

How would a natural killer cell use MHC proteins to kill cells?

Back 48

If the cell doesn’t express the protein, then it is infected or cancerous. It will release granzymes onto the cell.

Front 49

How do natural killer cells use antibodies to kill cells?

Back 49

The natural killer cells have antibody receptors which will bind with the constant region of the antibody and then release the ganzymes.

Front 50

What differentiate innate and adaptive immunity?

Back 50

Specificity and memory

Front 51

What are antigens?

Back 51

Substances which eleict an immune response from the host.

Front 52

What are epitopes?

Back 52

A site on antigen that reacts with specific antibody or T cell receptors

Front 53

What term describes the strength which antibody binds to its antigen at a given antigen binding site

Back 53

Affinity

Front 54

What is an immunoglobulin another term for?

Back 54

Antibody

Front 55

Where are antibodies found?

Back 55

They can be found free throughout the body, and on the surface of B cells

Front 56

What is the basic structure of the antibody?

Back 56

2 Heavy polypeptide chains, 2 light polypeptide chains (connected to eachother by disulfide bonds), constant and variable regions.

Front 57

What region of the antibody is the antigen binding site found?

Back 57

Variable region

Front 58

What region of the antibody is the stem found?

Back 58

The constant region

Front 59

What part of the antibody marks the antigen for attack by the immune system?

Back 59

Antigen binding site

Front 60

What part of the antibody binds to cells which need attacking?

Back 60

Constant region. As in, they’re constantly looking for problematic cells ☺

Front 61

What is the concentration of antibody in serum known as?

Back 61

Titer

Front 62

How do antibodies respond to an antigen the first time your infected with it? The second?

Back 62

First time: Several days to weeks for an antibody to be produced. Second: Much faster, there’s much less lag time.

Front 63

What are the consequences of antibody-antigen binding?

Back 63

Opsonization, agglutination, complement, neutralization, and precipitation

Front 64

What type of immune cells are T cells, B cells, and Natural Killer cells?

Back 64

Lymphocytes

Front 65

Where to B and T cells originate from?

Back 65

B and T cells

Front 66

What causes the production of memory cells?

Back 66

B or T cells binding or recognizing a specific antigen.

Front 67

What are memory cells?

Back 67

Lymphocytes that don’t immediately replicate, but will when the antigen is present again

Front 68

What is the primary role of B Cells?

Back 68

Produce antibodies

Front 69

What is the primary role of T cells?

Back 69

To assist in antibody production and kill infected cells

Front 70

Steps of antibody production?

Back 70

Antigen is presented to T cell. Antigen is bound by B cell receptor. TH cell binds B cell and secrets B cell growth factors. B cell differentiates into plasma cell and memory cell. Plasma cell makes and secretes antibody.