Exam 3

Front 1

Deviance

Back 1

- violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms

- not necessarily bad

- functionalist perspective: fosters social change

- depends on time, location, audience, and the person who commits the crime

Front 2

Social Control

Back 2

- regulation and eforcement of norms

- goal is to maintian social order

Front 3

Sanctions

Back 3

- the means of enforcing rules

- can be positive as well as negative

Front 4

Postitive Sanctions

Back 4

- rewards given for conforming to norms

- ex: promotion at work is a sanction for working hard

Front 5

Negative sanction

Back 5

- punishment for violating norms

- ex: being arrested for shoplifting

Front 6

Informal Sanctions

Back 6

- emerge in face to face social interactions

- ex: disapproving looks or even verbal reprimands or a pat in the back for approval

Front 7

Formal Sanctions

Back 7

- officially recognize and enforce norm violations

- ex: might be expelled, arrested, official commendation, parking fine, promotion at work

Front 8

Stain Theory

Back 8

- which notes that access to socially acceptable goals plays a part in determining whether a person conforms or deviates

Front 9

Disorganization Theory

Back 9

- asserts that crime is most likely to occur in communities with weak social ties and the absence of social control

Front 10

Cultural Deviance Theory

Back 10

- suggests that conformity to the prevailing cultural norms of lower-class society causes crime

Front 11

Conflict theory

Back 11

- looks to social and economic factors as the cause of crime and deviance

- not positive function of society

- see as evidence of inequality in the system

Front 12

Power Elite

Back 12

- a small group of wealthy and influential people at the top of society who hold the power and resources

- people who decide what is criminal and what is not, and the effects are often felt most by those who have little power

- the punishment for possessing crack, a “poor person’s drug,” was 100 times stricter than the punishment for cocaine use, a drug favored by the wealthy

Front 13

Symbolic interactionism

Back 13

- theoretical approach that can be used to explain how societies and/or social groups come to view behaviors as deviant or conventional

Front 14

Labeling Theory

Back 14

- examines the ascribing of a deviant behavior to another person by members of society

- what is considered deviant is determined by the reactions of others to these behaviors

Front 15

Primary Deviance

Back 15

- violation of norms that does not result in any long-term effects

Front 16

Secondary Deviance

Back 16

- occurs when a person’s self-concept and behavior begin to change after his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society

Front 17

Master Status

Back 17

- describes the chief characteristic of an individual

- what you are known for

Front 18

Different Association Theory

Back 18

- suggested that individuals learn deviant behavior from those close to them who provide models of and opportunities for deviance

Front 19

Control Theory

Back 19

- states that social control is directly affected by the strength of social bonds and that deviance results from a feeling of disconnection from society

- those who feel they are part of society will not commit deviant acts

Front 20

Social Stratification

Back 20

- society’s categorization of its people into rankings of socioeconomic tiers based on factors like wealth, income, race, education, and power

- ex: elderly can be placed on high stratification and people of widsom as well

Front 21

Closed System

Back 21

- accommodate little change in social position

Front 22

Open system

Back 22

- which are based on achievement, allow movement and interaction between layers and classes

Front 23

Caste System

Back 23

- one in which people are born into their social standing and will remain in it their whole lives

Front 24

Class System

Back 24

- based on both social factors and individual achievement

Front 25

Class

Back 25

- a set of people who share similar status with regard to factors like wealth, income, education, and occupation

Front 26

Exogamous Marriages

Back 26

- unions of spouses from different social categories

Front 27

Meritocracy

Back 27

- an ideal system based on the belief that social stratification is the result of personal effort—or merit—that determines social standing

Front 28

Status Consistency

Back 28

- term used to describe the consistency, or lack thereof, of an individual’s rank across these factors

Front 29

Standard of living

Back 29

- the level of wealth available to a certain socioeconomic class in order to acquire the material necessities and comforts to maintain its lifestyle

Front 30

Social Mobility

Back 30

- refers to the ability to change positions within a social stratification system

Front 31

Upward Mobility

Back 31

- to an increase—or upward shift—in social class

Front 32

Downward Mobility

Back 32

- indicates a lowering of one’s social class

Front 33

Intergenerational Mobility

Back 33

- different generations of a family to belong to varying social classes

Front 34

intragenerational mobility

Back 34

- changes in a person's social mobility over the course of his or her lifetime

Front 35

Structural Mobility

Back 35

- societal changes enable a whole group of people to move up or down the social class ladder

Front 36

Class Traits

Back 36

- class markers, are the typical behaviors, customs, and norms that define each class

Front 37

Global Startification

Back 37

- compares the wealth, economic stability, status, and power of countries across the world

Front 38

Davis- Moore Thesis

Back 38

- argued that the greater the functional importance of a social role, the greater must be the reward

Front 39

Conspicuous Consumption

Back 39

- which is the purchase and use of certain products to make a social statement about status

Front 40

Ethnicity

Back 40

- describes shared culture—the practices, values, and beliefs of a group

Front 41

Race

Back 41

- based on geographic regions, skin color ,and ethnicities

Front 42

Minority Groups

Back 42

- any group of people who, because of their physical or cultural characteristics, are singled out from the others in the society in which they live for differential and unequal treatment, and who therefore regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination

- lack of power

Front 43

Dominant Group

Back 43

- the majority

Front 44

Scapegoat Theory

Back 44

- suggests that the dominant group will displace its unfocused aggression onto a subordinate group

Front 45

Stereotypes

Back 45

- over simplified generalizations about groups of people

Front 46

Prejudice

Back 46

- refers to the beliefs, thoughts, feelings, and attitudes someone holds about a group

Front 47

Racism

Back 47

- stronger type of prejudice used to justify the belief that one racial category is somehow superior or inferior to others

Front 48

Institutional Racism

Back 48

- refers to the way in which racism is embedded in the fabric of society

ex: racial profiling

Front 49

Colorism

Back 49

- kind of prejudice, in which someone believes one type of skin tone is superior or inferior to another within a racial group

Front 50

Discrimination

Back 50

- actions against a group of people

- based on age, religion, health, and other indicators

Front 51

White Privilege

Back 51

- which is the benefits people receive simply by being part of the dominant group

Front 52

Culture Prejudice

Back 52

- theory that prejudice is embedded in our culture

Front 53

Sex

Back 53

- physical or physiological differences between males and females, including both primary sex characteristics (the reproductive system) and secondary characteristics such as height and muscularity

- biologically determined

Front 54

Gender

Back 54

- refers to behaviors, personal traits, and social positions that society attributes to being female or male

- socially determined

Front 55

Sexual Orientation

Back 55

- his or her physical, mental, emotional, and sexual attraction to a particular sex

Front 56

Heteronormative Society

Back 56

- meaning it assumes sexual orientation is biologically determined and unambiguous

Front 57

Hereosexism

Back 57

- suggests is both an ideology and a set of institutional practices that privilege heterosexuals and heterosexuality over other sexual orientations

Front 58

Gender Roles

Back 58

- society’s concept of how men and women are expected to look and how they should behave

- based on norms, or standards, created by society

Front 59

Sexism

Back 59

refers to prejudiced beliefs that value one sex over another

Front 60

Biological Determinism

Back 60

- the belief that men and women behave differently due to differences in their biology