Exam #3

Front 1

Our ability to ward off disease caused by microbes or their products and to protect against environmental agents such as pollen, drugs, food, chemicals, and animal dander is called what?

Back 1

Immunity or Resistance

Front 2

Vulnerability or lack of immunity is referred to as what?

Back 2

Susceptibility

Front 3

We have two lines of defense against pathogens. What are these two?

Back 3

1. First line of defense: skin and mucous membranes

2. Second line of defense: phagocytes, inflammation, fever, antimicrobial substances produced by the body

Front 4

Defenses that are present at birth are what?

Back 4

Innate immunity

Front 5

What does innate immunity represent?

Back 5

immunity's early warning system designed to prevent microbes from gaining access into the body and help eliminate those that do gain access.

Front 6

Susceptibility is affected by what?

Back 6

1. Stress

2. Age

3. General Health

4. Nutrition

Front 7

Defenses against any pathogen (not directed toward any particular pathogen)

Back 7

Non-specific resistance

Front 8

Resistance to a specific pathogen

Back 8

Specific resistance

Front 9

What are the reasons for "species resistance" (pathogens infecting a limited range of species)

Back 9

1. Physiology- temperature is the key for why some pathogens infect cattle but not birds (e.g. Anthrax)

2. Anatomy-some things don't have the same pathogens to cause the disease (e.g. plants and humans)

3. Behavior- diet specifically. Some people eat fish and they are more likely to get sick from fish than those that don't eat it.

Front 10

Why do some pathogens prefer specific races?

(e.g. Caucasians are more susceptible to diphtheria)

Back 10

Not really sure why but we know that Indians and African Americans are more susceptible to getting TB possibly because they have more melanocytes (pigment) to their skin which causes them to not get as much sun and those who are fairer skinned and thus they might lack vitamin D

Front 11

Why are males and females not affected by pathogens equally?

Back 11

hormone levels affect the immune system. Also women produce less dopamine and serotonin.

Front 12

Intact skin

Back 12

Epidermis consists of tightly packed cells with Keratin, a protective protein.

Acts as a barrier to most microbes.

Front 13

Line body cavities that open to the exterior.

Back 13

Mucous Membranes

Front 14

Are mucous membranes as protective as the skin?

Back 14

No.

The epithelial layer of mucus membranes secretes mucus which acts as a trap and physical barrier. NO KERATIN

Front 15

Hairs of the Ears and Nose:

Back 15

Filter and trap microbes.

Front 16

Ciliary/Mucociliary escalator:

Back 16

Microbes trapped in mucus are transported away from the lungs

Front 17

Lacrimal Apparatus

Back 17

Manufactures and drains away tears.

Continual washing of the eyes.

Front 18

Wash microbes from teeth and mucus membranes of the mouth.

Back 18

Salivary glands

Front 19

Urine:

Back 19

Flow of urine moves microorganism out of the urinary tract.

Front 20

Vaginal secretions:

Back 20

Help remove microorganism from of the vagina.

Front 21

Reflexes:

Back 21

Coughing

Sneezing

Vomiting

Diarrhea

Front 22

What are the chemical defenses? (First line of defense 5 answers)

Back 22

1.Sebaceous Glands

2. Sweat Glands:

3. The Beta defensins:

4. Gastric Juice:

5. Transferrins:

Front 23

Secrete sebum: contains fatty acids: gives the skin a low pH (3-5)

Back 23

Sebaceous Glands

Front 24

Produce perspiration contains: NaCl and lysozyme

Back 24

Sweat Glands (Sudoriferous)

Front 25

Antimicrobial peptides implicated in the resistance of epithelial surfaces to microbial

colonization.

Back 25

The beta Defensins

Front 26

Contains HCl low pH (1.2-3.0)

Back 26

Gastric juice

Front 27

Which defense system, innate or adaptive immunity prevents entry of microbes into the body? (16-1)

Back 27

Innate immunity

Front 28

Identify one physical factor and one chemical factor that prevents microbes from entering the body through the skin and mucous membranes:

Back 28

Skin:
Physical factor: Epidermis: contains keratin that helps remove microbes at the surface.

Chemical factor: Sebum: oil gland that inhibits the growth of certain pathogenic bacteria and fungi.

Mucous Membrane:

Physical factor: Mucus: fluid that lines the tracks it traps the microorganisms that enter the GI tract and respiratory tracts

Chemical Factor: Lysozyme: enzyme capable of breaking down cell walls of gram- positive bacteria.

Front 29

Second line of defense consists of what?

Back 29

1. Natural killer cells

2. phagocytosis

3 inflammation/fever

4.antimicrobial substances

Front 30

The fluid portion of blood is called?

Back 30

1. Plasma

2. Serum when clotted form of blood

Front 31

What are the formed elements

Back 31

1. erythrocytes

2. Leukocytes

3. Thrombocytes/platelets

Front 32

What formed element carries oxygen?

Back 32

Erythrocytes (RBC)

Front 33

What formed element is involved in clotting?

Back 33

Platelets

Front 34

Which leukocyte has granules in the cytoplasm and a lobed nucleus?

Back 34

Leukocytes

Front 35

What are the granulocytes/leukocytes?

Back 35

1. neutrophiles

2. Basophils

3.eosinophiles

Front 36

What leukocyte is involved in allergic reactions?

Back 36

Basophils

Front 37

Which leukocyte is involved in parasitic reactions?

Back 37

Eosinophiles

Front 38

This is a leukocyte with no granules:

Back 38

Agranulocyte

Front 39

Agranulocytes: two types

Back 39

1. Monocytes

2. Lymphocytes

Front 40

This determines the relative percent of each WBC type

Back 40

Differential blood count

Front 41

Many infections cause an ______ or _____ in WBC numbers

Back 41

Increase or decrease

Front 42

An increase in total WBC

Back 42

Leukocytosis

Front 43

A decrease in WBC count

Back 43

Leukopenia

Front 44

An increase in neutrophile count

Back 44

Neutrophilia

Front 45

Neutropenia, leukopenia, and leukocytosis are examples of what?

Back 45

Differential blood count

Front 46

An increase in eosinophil count

Back 46

Eosinophilia

Front 47

Increased lymphocyte count

Back 47

Lymphocytosis

Front 48

Function of neutrophils

Back 48

Phagocytosis

Front 49

Function of basophils/mast cells

Back 49

Produce histamine

Front 50

Function of eosibophils

Back 50

Toxic to parasites, some phagocytosis

Front 51

Function of monocytes

Back 51

Phagocytic as mature macrophage

Front 52

Function of lymphocytes

Back 52

Involved in specific immunity

-B and T cells

Front 53

B and T cells are part of which white blood cell type?

Back 53

Lymphocyte

Front 54

Function of Natural Killer Cells?

Back 54

Lymphocytes that destroy virus infected cells and tumors

Front 55

Monocytes/macrophages that are fixed in tissues is called what?

Back 55

Mononuclear phagocytic/reticuloendothelial system (RES)

Front 56

What do fixed macrophages and histocytes do?

Back 56

Ingest bacteria and debris as they flow past

Front 57

Kupffer cells

Back 57

Found in the liver

Front 58

Role of kupffer cells:

Back 58

Phagocytic, clean up cellular debris

Front 59

What is the substance that when introduced into the body stimulates the production of specific antibodies called?

Back 59

Immunogen

Front 60

Define immunogen

Back 60

Any substance that when introduced into the body stimulates the production of specific antibodies

Front 61

The term Antigen is often used to mean both an antigen or:

Back 61

An immunogen

Front 62

Any substance that combines with the specific antibodies stimulated by an immunogen

Back 62

Antigen

Front 63

What makes a good immunogen?

Back 63

1. Characteristics: foreign non self matter

2. Chemically: complex molecules

3. Antibody structure: two heavy chains and two light chains

Front 64

What combines with specific antibodies without immunogenicity which stimulates production of specific antibodies unless bound to a carrier?

Back 64

Haptan/partial

Front 65

Define antigenic determinant/epitope

Back 65

Antibodies are not formed against a whole organism but specific regions or chemical groups

Front 66

Gamma globulins

Back 66

Electophoresis

Front 67

This is from separation of blood proteins by electophoresis

Back 67

Gamma globulins

Front 68

What is the nature of antibodies/immunoglobins?

Back 68

A protein produced by B lymphocytes in response to an immunogen/antigen and is capable of combining with that antigen

Front 69

Antibody structure:

Back 69

Two heavy chains and two light chains. Heavy and light chains both have a C or constant portion and a V or variable portion

Front 70

V portion:

Back 70

Different for each an (antibody) and gives the ab its specificity. An binding occurs at V portion

Front 71

C portion:

Back 71

Constant for each class of Ab

Front 72

Define FAB

Back 72

Antigen binding fragment (the two arms)

Front 73

Fc:

Back 73

The crystallizable fragment (trunk) of the antibody. Contains the complement binding site

Front 74

Classes of antibodies

Back 74

IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE

Front 75

Monomer-Most abundant Ab in serum, can cross the placenta, and protects newborn and fetus

Back 75

IgG

Front 76

Pentamer-Agglutinates microbes, first Ab produced in response to infection

Back 76

IgM

Front 77

Diner- main Ab in mucus secretions and breast milk

Back 77

IgA

Front 78

Monomer- receptor on B cells

Back 78

IgD

Front 79

Monomer- on mast cells and basophils, allergic reactions, lysis of parasitic worms

Back 79

IgE

Front 80

Antibody response (B cells)

Back 80

1st response: contact with the Ag for first time

2nd response: anamnestic response

Front 81

1 response: contact with Ag first time:

Back 81

1. Plasma cells -antibodies

2. Memory cells are formed

Front 82

2nd response: Anamnestic response

Back 82

Memory cells activated- plasma cells- Abs formed quickly and in large numbers

Front 83

1st exposure to anaphalaxis

Back 83

IgE to allergen is formed and binds to mast cells by Fc portion (no symptoms at this point)

Front 84

How does desensitization work?

Back 84

Patient produces igG antibody instead of IgE

IgG acts as a blocking Antibody which prevents binding of allergen to mast cells = no release of histamine= no symptoms

Front 85

What actually destroys the platelets in thrombocytopenic purpora?

Back 85

Haptan binds to platelet which induces formation of antibodies that bind to platelet (IgG and IgM) which lyse the cell. Now it can't clot blood

Front 86

What gets deposited in tissues causing localized inflammation and tissue damage?

Back 86

Excess immune complexes

Front 87

Type 1, 2 and 3

Back 87

All humoral antibodies

Front 88

Rheumatoid arthritis

Back 88

Type III immune complex hypersensitivity

Front 89

Serum sickness

Back 89

Non-self antigen of type III immune complex hypersensitivity

Front 90

Autoimmune disease

Back 90

Self antigen Type III immune complex hypersensitivity

Front 91

Systemic lupus erythematosus

Back 91

Type III immune complex hypersensitivity

Front 92

Glomeruloephritis

Back 92

Type III immune complex hypersensitivity

Front 93

Contact dermatitis

Back 93

Type IV hypersensitivity (delayed)

T-cell mediated response instead of antibody.

Allergen binds to own cells

Front 94

Explain Type IV delayed hypersensitivity

Back 94

Allergen binds to own cells

T cells infiltrate tissue which produce cytokines which activate inflammatory cells which destroys target cells

Front 95

Autoimmune disorders

Back 95

Production of autoantibodies or self reacting t-cells.

The need to react to self. Deliberately attempted to immunize animals against their own tissues.

Front 96

Paul Ehrlich

Back 96

Horror autotoxicus

Front 97

Autoimmune disorder due to antibodies against pathogens

Back 97

Type I autoimmune disorder

Front 98

Autoimmune disorder where antibodies react with cell-surface antigens

Back 98

Type II autoimmune disorders

Front 99

Autoimmune disorder with immune complex (IgM, IgG, complement immune complexes deposit In tissues)

Back 99

Type III autoimmune disorders

Front 100

Autoimmune disorder mediated by T cells

Back 100

Type IV autoimmune disorders

Front 101

Rheumatic fever and acute glomerulonephritis

Back 101

Type I autoimmune disorder

It follows infection with group A streptococci (causative agent of strep throat)

Front 102

Graves disease

Back 102

Type II autoimmune disorder

A thyroid stimulating hormone on follicle cells of thyroid gland.

Front 103

Hyperthyroidism

Back 103

Goiter, increased metabolic rate, nervousness, tremor, difficulty concentrating, heat intolerance, diarrhea, palpitations

Front 104

Myasthenia gravis

Back 104

Type II, autoAbs bind to acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junctions causing degradation of receptors, muscle weakness and fatigue, loss of muscle function, paralysis, resp failure and death

Front 105

Systemic lupus wrythematosis (SLE or Lupus)

Back 105

Type III, AutoAbs produced against a variety of tissues and DNA

Involving kidneys, bone marrow, skin, nervous system, joints, muscles, heart. GI tract

Front 106

Rare In males, cause a life threatening progressive immune complex glomerulonephritis

Back 106

SLE or Lupus

Front 107

Involving interaction of macrophages and specific T lymphocytes (T-cells)

Back 107

Cell mediated immunity

Front 108

Pathogen's entering the GI or respiratory tracts pass through Peyer's patches which contain what?

Back 108

APC's (antigen presenting cells)

Front 109

These look like neurons, their function is to look for T Cells

Back 109

Dendritic cells

Front 110

M (microfold) cells

Back 110

Located over Peyer's patches and they facilitate contact of antigens with the immune system

**like a trapdoor. Most cells can't get through

Front 111

T cells differentiate into:

Back 111

Effector T cells When stimulates by an antigen

Front 112

Some effector t cells become:

Back 112

Memory cells

Front 113

T cells produce what?

Back 113

Cytokine

Front 114

Types of T cells:

Back 114

Helper T cells (Cd4, TH)

TH1

TH2

Front 115

TH1:

Back 115

Activate cells related to cell-mediated immunity

Front 116

TH2:

Back 116

Activate B cells to produce IgM and IgE

Front 117

These cells recognize cancer and viral cells:

Back 117

Cytotoxic T cells (CD8, Tc)

Front 118

Cytotoxic T cells:

Back 118

Destroy target cells with perforin and granzymes.

Associated with allergic reaction and tb skin test.

Front 119

These cells turn off immune response when antigen is no longer present

Back 119

Suppressor regulating T cells (Ts or Tr)

Front 120

Macrophages stimulated by ingesting Antigens or by cytokines

Back 120

Activated macrophages

Front 121

Lymphocytes that destroy virus infected cells and tumors:

Back 121

Natural killer cells (nk cells)

Front 122

Antigen that doesn't need contact with T cell can respond to immunogen on its own, but limited to large molecules with many epitopes.

Back 122

T-independant antigens

Front 123

Self-tolerance

Back 123

Immune system does not normally attack self tissues or compounds

Front 124

Clonal deletion:

Back 124

During embryonic development lymphocytes with antigen receptors for molecules present in the body are destroyed

Front 125

MHC

Back 125

Major histocompatibility complex

Front 126

HLA

Back 126

Human leukocyte antigen complex: glycoproteins in plasma membrane that enable the immune system to distinguish self from nonself

Front 127

Class 1 MHC

Back 127

On all nucleated cells

Front 128

Class 2 MHC:

Back 128

On macrophages and B cells

Front 129

Anaphalactic Rxn/ Anaphylaxis

Back 129

IgE antibodies binding to basophils/mast cells

Front 130

2ns exposure to anaphalaxis:

Back 130

Degranulation: histamine, leukotriene, and prostaglandins released.

Front 131

Symptoms during 2nd exposure degranulation:

Back 131

1.dilates blood vessels

2. Increased permeability of capillary vessels

3. Contraction of smooth muscles

4. Increased mucus secretion

5. Increased secretion of HCL in stomach

Front 132

Immediate hypersensitivity:

Back 132

10-20min (or faster)

2 major types:

1. Systemic anaphalaxis

2. Localized anaphylaxis/a topic disease

Front 133

Systemic anaphalaxis

Back 133

Severe, sometimes fatal. Develops rapidly after allergen is introduced to a sensitized individual. (E.g. bee sting)

Front 134

Localized anaphalaxis

Back 134

More common. (E.g. asthma, hay fever, dust, animal dander, dust mites, foods)

Front 135

Signs/symptoms of systemic anaphylaxis

Back 135

Flushing of skin, shortness or breath, shock, constriction of smooth muscles in the lungs

Front 136

Death due to respiratory failure

Back 136

Asphyxia

Front 137

Treatment for systemic anaphalaxis:

Back 137

Adrenaline, epinephrine.

Front 138

Hay fever involves:

Back 138

IgE

Front 139

Signs and symptoms of localized abaphylaxis

Back 139

Itchy teary eyes, congested nasal passages, runny nose, and sneezing

Front 140

Asthma

Back 140

IgE antibody on mast cells but may have a psychological component

Front 141

Signs of asthma

Back 141

Wheezing and shortness of breath

Front 142

Treatment for asthma

Back 142

Adrenaline, epinephrine, (leukotrienes not histamine)

Front 143

Prevention of anaphylactic reactions:

Back 143

Avoid the allergen. Skin test to identify allergens.

Front 144

Prevention of anaphylactic reactions:

Back 144

Corticodteroids (immunosuppressant) antihistamine , cromolyn

Front 145

Define desensitization:

Back 145

Carefully injecting small repeated doses of the allergen into the skin.

Front 146

Type II cytotoxic reactions

Back 146

Results in lysis of cells by complement activation by macrophages

Involves IgG or IgM antibodies and complement

Transfusion reactions and Rh compatibility

Front 147

Blood types are based on antigens made up of what?

Back 147

Carbohydrates

Front 148

Incompatible blood types will cause

Back 148

Hemagglutination of RBC

Front 149

Erythroblastosis fetalis/hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)

Back 149

Results from Rh negative mother exposed to Rh positive cells by prior birth or transfusion (sensitized)

Front 150

Explain how HDN occurs:

Back 150

Mother produces anti rh antibodies (IgG) which can cross placenta

IgG reacts with fetal RBCs and causes lyses of RBCsand releases toxins (bilirubin) and anemia

Front 151

Treatment for hemolytic disease of newborn

Back 151

Exchange transfusion: removal of fetal Rh+ cells and transfusion with Rh- blood

Front 152

Prevention of HDN

Back 152

Rhogam (RA gamma globulin)

This is passive immunization of Rh- mother with anti Rh antibodies prevents sensitization