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190 Cards in this Set
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inhibits the growth or multiplication of microbes |
microbistatic |
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a special class of compounds capable of destroying or inhibiting microorganisms |
antimicrobic |
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a growth inhibiting agent used on tissues to prevent infection |
antiseptic |
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to clean inanimate objects using soap and degerming agents so that they are safe and free of high levels of microorganisms |
sanitize |
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any process that completely removes or destroys all viable microorganisms, including viruses, from any object or habitat |
sterilization |
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the destruction of pathogenic nonsporulating microbes or their toxins , usually on inanimate surfaces |
disinfection |
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The permenent loss of reproductive capability even under optimal growth conditions. |
Microbial Death |
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The least time required to kill all cells of a culture at a specified temp. |
Thermal Death Time |
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To physically remove surface oils, debris, and soil from skin to reduce the microbial load |
Degermination |
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Electromagnetic waves or rays such as those of light given off from an energy source |
Radiation |
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A sterilization chamber that allows the use of steam under pressure to sterilize materials |
Autoclave |
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Heat treatment of perishable fluids such as milk, fruit juices, or wine to destroy heat sensitive, vegetative cells. Followed by rapid chilling to inhibit growth of survivors and germination of spores |
Pasteurization |
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Destruction of microbes by subjecting them to extremes of dry heat |
Incineration |
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A specific chemical product of microbes, plants, and some animals that is poisonous to other animals |
Toxin |
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A small, dormant resistant derivative of a bacterial cell that germinates under favorable growth conditions into a vegetative cell. |
Indospores |
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Strongly microbicidal agents used in general disinfection |
Phenol |
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Is used to disinfect water, food and industrial equipment |
Chlorine |
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Dissolves membrane lipids and destroys cell proteins |
alcohol |
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A 37% aqueous soulution of formaldehyde gas |
formalin |
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The removal or neutralization of an infectious, poisonous, or injurious agent from a site |
decontamination |
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The state of putrefaction; the presence of pathogenic organisms or their toxins in tissue or blood |
Sepsis |
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A condition free of viable pathogenic microorganisms |
asepsis |
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Extensively used ; treats wounds, disinfects equipment, household bleach |
hypochlorites |
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Complexes of iodine; prepare skin/ mucous membranes for surgery/injections/surgical handscrubs/treat burns/disinfect equipment |
Iodophors |
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Used in most antibacterial soaps; |
triclosan |
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Obstetric antiseptic/neonatal wash/wound degermer/ mucous membrane irrigant/eye preservative |
chlorhexidine |
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A sterilant for materials usually damaged by heat; ex. respiratory therapy equipment, fiber optic endoscopes |
glutaraldehyde |
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an official sterilant for heat sensitive plastics and delicate instruments in hospitals and industries |
ethylene oxide |
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skin degerming agent and antiseptic; surfactant to remove dirt and microbes |
ethyl alcohol |
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destroying or removing contaminants |
microbial control |
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To dry thoroughly. to preserve by drying |
desiccation |
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Versatile uses as an antiseptic, including skin and wound cleansing, bedsore care, and mouthwashing |
hydrogen peroxide |
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Added to dressings, it effectively prevents infection in second- and third-degree burn patients |
silver sulfadiazine |
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Common household versions of phenol; for low intermediate levels of disinfection in the hospital |
Lysol |
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Cellular targets for antimicrobial drugs |
The cell wall Cell Membrane Biosynthesis pathways for DNA or RNA Protein (enzyme) function |
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Destruction, removal, or reduction in number of undesirable microbes EX: Asepsis, disinfection, sanitization, degermation |
Decontamination |
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The growth of Microbes in the tissues EX: Infected wounds, blood infection |
Sepsis |
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Techniques that prevent the entry of microbes into sterile tissues EX: cleaning the skin with iodine prior to surgery, using sterile needles |
Asepsis |
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Chemicals applied to body surfaces to destroy or inhibit vegatative pathogens EX:Idophors, antibacterial soap, chlorhexadine |
Antiseptic |
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Destruction of vegetative pathogens on inanimate objects EX: 5% Bleach, boiling water |
disinfection |
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Cleansing technique that removes microbes and debris from inanimate surfaces EX: dishwashing, laundering clothes |
Sanitization |
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Cleansing technique that removes microbes and debris from living tissue EX: Surgical hand scrub, alcohol wipes |
Degermation |
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The removal or destruction of all viable microbes EX: Autoclaving, ionizing, radiation |
Sterilization |
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Steam under pressure, unpressurized steam, boiling water, or pasteurization |
moist heat |
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Dry oven, incineration |
dry heat |
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Used for sanitization and disinfection of swimming pools, household disinfection, and stain removal EX: Bleach 5% |
Hypochlorites (HClO) |
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Antiseptic prep for surgery and injections |
Iodophors |
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Common household versions of phenol; for low or immediate levels of disinfection in the hospital |
Lysol and Creolin |
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Widely used antibacterial compound added to soaps, cosmetics, and many other household products |
Triclosan |
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Alcoholic commonly used for hand scrubbing, preparing skin sites for injections, and incisions Also neonatal wash |
Chlorhexadine |
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Skin degerming agent and antiseptic, removes oil and microbes in deeper skin layers |
Ethyl alcohol |
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Versatile uses as an antiseptic including skin and wound cleansing and mouth washing |
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) |
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Sterilant for materials damaged by heat including respiratory therapy equipment, hemostats, fiber optic endoscopes and dental instruments |
Glutaraldehyde |
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An official sterilant for heat sensitive plastics and delicate instruments in hospitals and industries. Used to disinfect food, spices, dried fruits, and drugs |
Ethylene oxide |
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Added to dressings to prevent infection in second and third degree burn patients |
Silver sulfadiazine ointment |
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Drugs that are chemically modified in the lab after being isolated from natural sources. |
semisynthetic |
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Antimicrobial compounds synthesized in the lab through chemical reactions |
synthetic |
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Use of a drug to prevent potential for infection of a person at risk |
Prophylaxis |
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Any chemical used in the treatment, relief, or prophylaxis of a disease |
chemotherapeutic |
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Substances produced by the natural metabolic processes of some microbes that can inhibit or destroy other microbes |
Antibiotic |
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Antimicrobials effective against a limited array of microbial tyes |
Narrow spectrum |
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Anti microbials effective against a wide variety of microbial types |
Broad spectrum |
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An adaptive response in which microbes begin to tolerate an amount of drug that would ordinarily be inhibitory |
Drug resistance |
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Microbes that engage in mutual or commensal associations with humans |
Resident or normal flora |
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Characteristics of the ideal antimicrobial drug |
*selectively toxic *reasonably priced *Microbicidial *Does not disrupt host health *Potent long enough to act *doesn't lead to resistance *compliments the host defenses *Remains active *Readily delivered to infection
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The cell wall inhibitors |
Penicillins and cycloserine |
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causes loss of selective permeability of cell membrane |
Polymyxins |
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protein synthesis inhibitors of action site 50s |
Chlororamphenicol erythromycin |
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protein synthesis inhibitors of action site 30s |
Gentamicin Streptamicin |
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Block pathways and inhibit metabolism |
sulfonamides trimethoprim |
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antimicrobial dilemma issues |
* 200 million prescriptions for antimicrobials are written in the US every year * Drugs are often prescribed without benefit of culture or susceptibility even when such testing is clearly warranted * therapy is often applied in a shotgun approach for minor infections, which involve administering a broad spectrum drug instead of a narrow spectrum drug * more expensive newer drugs are chosen when a less costly older one would be just as affective *tons of excess antimicrobial drugs produced in this country are exported to other countries, where controls are not as strict |
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The native microbial forms that an individual harbors |
normal flora |
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The deeper, more stable micro flora that inhabit the skin and exposed mucous membranes, as opposed to the superficial, variable, transient population |
resident flora |
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develops colonies of microbes in portions of the respiratory and genitourinary tracts |
colonists |
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organisms that occupy the body for short periods |
transient |
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preparations of live microbes that are fed to animals and humans to modify intestinal flora
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probiotic
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a chemical substance from one microbe that can inhibit or kill another microbe even in minute amounts |
antibiotic |
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microbes that typically inhabit a bodily organ or part |
microbiota |
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An idicator of sanitary food and water |
coliforms |
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A microbe capable of causing infection in a healthy person with normal immune defenses |
true pathogen |
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A situation where ordinarily non-pathogenic or weakly pathogenic microbes cause disease in an immunologically compromised host |
opportunistic pathogen |
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The capacity of microbes to cause disease |
pathogenicity |
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The capacity of a pathogen to invade and harm host cells |
virulence |
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The root of entry or exit for an infectious agent to enter or depart from the host organism |
portal of entry or exit |
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The estimated number of microbial cells or units required to establish an infection |
infectious dose |
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Occurs when several different pathogens interact sinultaneously to produce an infection |
mixed infection |
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Virtually any inanimate object an infected individual has contact with that can serve as a vehicle for the spread of disease |
fomite |
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The study of the factors affecting the prevalence and the spread of disease within a community |
epidemology |
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The study of bacteria |
bacteriology |
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The structural and physiological effects of disease on the body |
pathology |
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A disease afflicting an increased proportion of the population over a wide geographic area, often world wide |
Pandemic |
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The organism that benefits in a commensalism relationship |
Commensals |
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An organism that lives on or within another organism |
Parasite |
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An impurity; any undesirable material on an organism |
Contaminates |
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the period from the initial contact with an infectious agent to the appearance of the first symptoms |
incubation |
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the capacity of microbes to evade host defenses and enter into deeper tissues where they will grow and become established |
invasion |
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indicates the onset of infection |
prodrome |
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recovery; the period between the end of a disease and the complete restoration of health in a patient |
convalescence |
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a morbid complication that follows a disease |
sequel |
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the presence of viable bacteria in circulating blood |
bacterermia
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an abnormality associated with certain infectious diseases; caused by toxins released by microbes circulating in the blood |
toxemia |
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systemic infection associated with microbes multiplying in circulating blood |
septicemia |
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an initial infection a previous healthy individual that is later complicated by an additional infection |
primary infection |
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an infection that compounds a preexisting one |
secondary infection |
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an infection not present upon admission to a hospital but incurred while being treated there |
noscomial infection |
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a period of inapparent manifestations that occurs before symptoms and signs of disease appear; |
subclinical |
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occurs when an infectious agent breaks loose from a localized infection and is carried by the circulation to other tissues |
focal infection |
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occurs when a microbe enters a specific tissue, infects it, and remains confined there |
localized infection |
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an infectious disease indigenous to animals that humans can acquire through direct or indirect contact with infected animals |
zoonosis |
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occurring throughout the body |
systemic infection |
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communicable; transmissible by direct contact within infected people |
contagious |
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an infectious disease that does not arrive through transmission of an infectious agent from host to host |
noncommunicable |
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airborne suspensions of fine dust or moisture particles airborne that contain live pathogens |
aerosols |
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the dried residue of fine droplets produced by mucous and saliva sprayed by sneezing and cough |
droplet nuclei |
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a single material that serves as the source of infection for many individuals |
common vehicle |
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the person or item from which an infection is immediately acquired |
source |
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the spread of a disease on a smaller scale and limited area |
outbreak |
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a sudden outbreak or increase in the number of cases of disease in a community |
epidemic |
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any abnormality uncovered upon physical diagnosis that indicates the presence of the disease |
sign |
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the subjective evidence of infection and disease as perceived by the patient |
symptom |
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infectious agent retreats into a state of persistence |
latent |
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the pattern of which diseases are spread |
transmission |
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where the disease originally develops |
origin |
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an infection that produces no noticable symptoms even though the microbe is active in the host tissue |
asymptomatic |
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a person who harbors infection and inconspicuously spreads them to others |
carrier |
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an animal that transmits infectious agents from one host to another, usually a biting or piercing |
vector |
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any process or disease that persists over a long duration |
chronic infection |
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the natural host or habitat of a pathogen |
reservoir |
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some type of contact with an infectious animal or human |
direct |
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infected agent must pass to an intermediate conveyor and to another host from there |
indirect |
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sites that harbor flora (8) |
* skin * upper respiratory tract * gastro tract * outer opening of urethra * external genitalia * vagina * external ear * external eye |
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sterile anatomical sites (7) |
* heart * bones * liver and kidneys * lungs * brain and spinal cord * ovaries/testes * middle and inner ear * internal eye |
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sterile anatomical fluids (6) |
* blood * urine * CSF * saliva prior to entering oral cavity * semen prior to entering urethra * amniotic fluid |
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factors that weaken host defenses (7) |
* old age and extreme youth * genetic defects * surgery and organ transplants * organic disease: cancer, diabetes, and liver malfunction * chemotherapy * physical and mental stress *other infections |
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all animals from bite or aerosol |
rabies |
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wild birds, mammals, or mosquitos infected by mosquito bite |
yellow fever |
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rodents infect from airborne waste |
hantavirus |
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wild birds or mosquitos transmit through mosquito bite |
west nile virus |
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dog or ticks; tick bite |
rocky mountain spotted fever |
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domestic animals infect airborne spores cutaneous contact |
anthrax |
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cattle, sheep, or pigs infect by air and foodborne |
brucellosis |
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rodents or fleas infect by flea bite or aerosol |
plague |
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domestic animals infect by cutaneous contact |
ringworm |
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cats, rodents, or birds infect by foodborne or contact |
toxoplamosis |
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Examples of direct contact (4) |
* contact (kissing) *droplets (cold) * vertical (HIV) * biological vector (malaria) |
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Examples of indirect contact (3) |
* fomites (staph) * food (salmonella) * air (flu) |
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Any barrier that blocks invasion at the portal of entry |
first line of defense |
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An inborn, nonspecific system of cells and fluids that acts to detect and destroy foreign substances rapidly once they have entered the body |
second line of defense |
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An acquired, very focused immunologic defense that depends on the recognition of specific foreign materials an microbes by B and T lymphocytes |
Third line of defense |
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A type of endocytosis in which the cell membrane actively engulfs large particles or cells into vesicles |
Phagocytosis |
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A natural, nonspecific response to tissue injury that protects the host from further damage |
Inflammation |
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built in defense against pathogens |
digestive enzymes |
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A large protein molecule evoked in response to an antigen that interacts specifically with that antigen |
antibodies |
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*Physical Barriers (4) *Chemical Barriers (3) *Examples of what? |
*skin,tears, coughing, sneezing *low pH, lysozyme, digestive enzymes * First line of defense |
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A chemical substance produced by white blood cells and tissue cells that regulate development, inflammation, and immmunity |
cytokines |
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The long lived progeny of a sensitized lymphocyte that remains in circulation and is genetically programmed to react rapidly with its antigen |
Memory cells |
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leukocytes; largely responsible for immune function |
White Blood Cells |
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A powerful defensive reaction, a means for the body to maintain stability and restore itself after an injury |
inflammatory response |
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The entry, establishment, and multiplication of pathogenic organisms within a host |
infection |
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innate and natural defenses divided into first, second, and third defenses |
protective defenses |
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microbes entered into the body that it is not used to |
foreign agents |
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defenses present at birth that provide nonspecific resistance to infection |
innate |
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defenses developed uniquely for each microbe through the action of specialized white blood cells |
aquired |
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Innate; nonspecific;does not have immunologic memory. EX: Physical, Chemical, and genetic barriers |
First Line of Defense |
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Innate; Mostly nonspecific;does not have immunologic memory EX: Phagocytosis, inflammation, fever, interferon |
Second line of defense |
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Aquired; Specific; Does develop immunologic memory EX: T and B lymphocytes and Anti bodies |
Third line of defense |
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55%-90% of WBC; multilobed nuclei |
Neutrophils |
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1%-3% WBC; bilobed nucleus |
eosinophils |
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.05% WBC; Pale staining, constructed nuclei |
Basophils |
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3-7% WBC; Largest WBC with large nuclei |
Monocyte |
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20-35% WBC; Small, round nuclei |
Lymphocytes |
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A Microbicidial agent has what effect? |
Destroys Microbes |
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Microbial control methods that kill _______ are able to sterilize. |
endospores |
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What is the process that destroys the non-spore-forming contaminants on inanimate objects? |
disinfection |
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The microbial load is reduced by what process? |
Sanitization |
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An agent that lowers the surface tension of cells |
alcohol |
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High temperatures _______ and low temperatures _____. |
*kill cells *inhibit cell growth |
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The primary action of ______ heat is to ________. |
*moist *denature proteins |
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*-itis *-emia *-osis *-oma |
*inflammation *blood *disease *tumor |
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Descriptive term for resident microbes |
commensals |
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Resident Microbiota is commonly found where? |
the urethra |
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The normal resident microbes are absent from what? |
Lungs |
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Toxins, enzymes, and capsules are factors of what? |
Virulence |
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The specific action of hemolysins is what? |
damage RBC |
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The ___ is the time that lapses between encounter with a pathogen and the first symptoms. |
Period of incubation |
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A short period early in a disease that manifest with general malaise and achiness is called what? |
Prodrome |
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The presence of a few bacteria in the blood |
bacteremia |
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A _____ infection is acquired in the hospital. |
nosocomial |
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A/An ____ is a passive animal transporter of pathogens. |
Mechanical vector |
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An example of noncommunicle infection |
tetanus |
