Exam 2 Nervous System

Front 1

neurons are excitable cells

Back 1

neurons are excitable cells

Front 2

with stimulation, what happens to the polarity inside of a cell?

Back 2

-switches from negatively charged to positively charged

Front 3

the portion of the nervous system where signal interaction occurs; the brain and spinal cord in vertebrate animals

Back 3

central nervous system

Front 4

sensory and motor neurons that connect to the central nervous system

Back 4

peripheral nervous system

Front 5

a nerve cell; conduct signals by taking advantage of the electrical charge across the plasma membrane

Back 5

neuron

Front 6

part of a neuron that houses the nucleus and most other organelles

Back 6

cell body

Front 7

one of numerous short, highly branched extensions of a neuron that RECEIVE signals from other neurons

Back 7

dendrites

Front 8

-wrapped around the axon of a neuron
-made up of?
-interrupted by?

Back 8

myelin sheath
-membrane from Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes
-nodes of Ranvier

Front 9

difference between oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells?

Back 9

-Schwann cell = pns
-oligodendrocytes = cns

Front 10

junction where a neuron communicates with another cell across a narrow gap via a neurotransmitter or an electrical coupling

Back 10

synapse

Front 11

a nerve cell that reaceives info from the internal or external environment and transmits signals to cns

Back 11

sensory neuron

Front 12

association neuron; nerve cell within the central nervous system that forms synapses with sensory and/or motor neurons and integrates sensory input and motor output

Back 12

interneuron

Front 13

a nerve cell that transmits signals from the brain or spinal cord to muscles or glands

Back 13

motor neuron

Front 14

the membrane potential characteristic of a nonconducting excitable cell, with the inside of the cell more negative than the outside of the cell

Back 14

resting potential

Front 15

an electrical signal that propagates along the membrane of a neuron or other excitable cell as an all or nothing depolarization

Back 15

action potential

Front 16

a change in a cell's membrane potential such that the inside of the membrane is made less negative relative to the outside

Back 16

depolarization (-70 to 0)

Front 17

the gap that separates the presynaptic neuron from the postsynaptic cell

Back 17

synaptic cleft

Front 18

a molecule that is released from the synaptic terminal of a neuron and eventually binds to the postsynaptic cell, triggering a response

Back 18

neurotransmitter

Front 19

part of the PNS that controls voluntary movement by activating skeletal muscles

Back 19

somatic nervous system

Front 20

part of the PNS that controls involuntary responses by influencing organs, glands, and smooth muscle

Back 20

autonomic nervous system

Front 21

division of ANS that dominates during times of rest and rumination

Back 21

parasympathetic division

Front 22

division of ANS that prepares the body for stressful or energetic activity

Back 22

sympathetic division

Front 23

3 overlapping functions of nervous system
-where do they occur?

Back 23

1. sensory input = pns
2. integration = cns
3. motor output = pns

Front 24

examples of no centralized processing of nervous system

Back 24

hydra= nerve net
starfish = neural ring

Front 25

-evolution into full centralized nervous system

Back 25

-included dorsal nerve cord, brain

Front 26

-vast majority of neurons in the brain

Back 26

-interneurons

Front 27

purpose of astrocytes in nervous system?

Back 27

present in brain capillaries, cause nearby blood vessels to dilate, increasing blood flow, (block toxic chemical compounds and serve as barrier between blood and cell)

Front 28

functions of the nervous system

Back 28

1. receive info from environment
2. integrate the info and produce output
3. conduct signal
4. transmit signal
5. coordinate metabolic activities

Front 29

rapid transmission of a nerve impulse along an axon, resulting from the action potential jumping from one node of ranvier to another

Back 29

saltatory conduction = occurs in myelinated axons ONLY

Front 30

describe conduction of an action potential

Back 30

a stimulus opens sodium channels and allows Na+to flow into membrane.
if reaches threshold, then action potential happens, inside is now more positive than outside the membrane.

Front 31

how is resting state regenerated?

Back 31

sodium channels become closed, potassium channels remain open, allowing K+ to flow out of the cell, and so the inside of the cell membrane becomes more negative.

Front 32

what part of the cns controls reflexes?

Back 32

spinal cord sensory-motor and interneuron in spinal cord

Front 33

voltage of resting potential?

Back 33

-60 to -80

Front 34

what maintains the resting potential and how?

Back 34

sodium potassium pump, 2 K+ is pumped into the cell while 3 Na+ is pumped out, requires ATP

Front 35

what happens during repolarization?

Back 35

k+ flows out of cell, allowing for inside of cell to be negative once again,
sodium potassium pump restore gradient

Front 36

at a synapse _ signal is converted to _ signal

Back 36

electrical to chemical (neurotransmitter)

Front 37

alter a neuron's permeability to Na+ ions (cause action potential)

Back 37

stimulatory neurotransmitters

Front 38

alter a neuron's permeability to Cl- ions (less like to produce an action potential)

Back 38

inhibitory neurotransmitters

Front 39

how do neurotransmitters work?

Back 39

vesicle allows for neurotransmitter to flow out of presynaptic membrane into the synaptic cleft.
-then attaches to ligand gated channel which opens channel and allows ions to flow through