Exam 2 Microbiology Jenifer Martin

Front 1

Deamination of Amino Acids

Back 1

Glutamic Acid (a.a.) →NAD, H20→a-Ketoglutaric acid (Carbs)+ NH4+

Front 2

Catabolism

Back 2

Energy Yielding Metabolism

Front 3

Anabolism

Back 3

Biosynthetic Metabolism

Front 4

Amphibiotic Metabolism

Back 4

Can integrate catabolic at anabolic pathways to improve cell efficiency

Hint 4

Occurs in Kreb's cycle and Glycolysis

Front 5

Glyceradehyde-3-Phosphate precursor for:

Back 5

Carbohydrates & Triglycerides

Hint 5

Amphibolic Metabolism

Front 6

Pyruvic Acid, start point for:

Back 6

Gluconeogenesis and Amino Acid Synthesis

Hint 6

Amphibolic Metabolism

Front 7

Acetyl CoA is condensed into?

Back 7

Hydrocarbon chains to form fatty acids

Oxaloacetate and a-ketoglularate are involved in synthesis of some amino acids

Front 8

Glycogen Synthesis

Back 8

straight Chain is an a-1,4 linkage

Branch is a-1,6 linkage

Hint 8

GlyCogen is stored in liver and muscles

Front 9

Nitrogen Cycle (A LOT of Microbes involved)

Back 9

Nitrogen fixation: N2 to NH3 (ammonia)

Nitrification: NH4 → NO2- and NO3- (Nitrifying bacteria: E. Coli)

Ammonification: proteins → ammonia (deaminates)

De nitrification: Ammonia → Nitrates → N2

Hint 9

Front 10

Photosynthesis

Back 10

602+12 H2O + Light Energy → C6 HI2 06 +6 02 + 6 H20

Photons

visible light spectrum

Chlorophylls, carotenoids, phycobilins

Catabolic Reactions to Drive Anabolism

Front 11

Light Reactions

Back 11

Splits water & produces 02 as a byproduct

Absorbed light energy produces NADPH & ATP

Electron Transport produces NADPH

H+ flow produces ATP

Hint 11

Front 12

Calvin Cycle (Dark Rxns) 3 phases

Back 12

1. Carbon Fixation

2. Energizing C02 (reduction)

3. Regeneration of the C02 acceptor sugar

Front 13

what does the Calvin Cycle use to convert CO2 to sugar? Where does it occur?

Back 13

Uses ATP and NADPH

Occurs in stroma (fluid portion of Chloroplast)

Hint 13

Front 14

4 Main Elements/Nutrients Microbes Must Obtain (CHON)

Back 14

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

Front 15

Microbial Cytoplasm when H20 is removed; is mainly made up of. . .

Back 15

50% Proteins (structural & functional molecules)

Front 16

2 Main Recylable Energy sources

Back 16

l. Carbohydrates

2. Lipids (Carbon)

Hint 16

Lipids are hydrocarbons

Front 17

Autotroph (self-energy)

Back 17

Self Feeders use CO2 in inorganic form

Front 18

Heterotroph ("Not of self")

Back 18

Other-Feeders use Organic carbon in form of carbohydrate or lipids

Front 19

Energy sources for Microbials

Back 19

Chemotroph, Phototroph, and Lithotroph

Front 20

Chemotroph

Back 20

Use Organic Molecules like C&H which can be found immersed in water in the living system.

Hint 20

Only certain bacteria , such as methanogens, deep-sea vent bacteria

Front 21

Phototroph

Back 21

Use light for energy

Hint 21

Algae, Plants, Cyanobacteria

Front 22

Lithotroph (Purple Bacteria)

Back 22

Use inorganic molecules like H2S

Front 23

Structure and Metabolism of Carbon Compounds of cells are...

Back 23

Organic

Front 24

Heterotroph must obtain Carbon in which form?

Back 24

Organic Form Nutritionally Dependent on other Living Things)

Hint 24

Organic - contain C&H

Front 25

What do Autotrophs use as their Carbon source?

Back 25

Inorganic CO2 (Not Nutritionally Dependent on other living things

Hint 25

CO2 is NOT bonded to H which makes it inorganic

Front 26

What 3 things are the primary source of Nitrogen for heterotrophs?

Back 26

1. proteins

2. DNA

3. RNA

Hint 26

amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and have an ammonia group on them that contain Nitrogen.

Front 27

Inorganic Nitrogenous Nutrients like Nitrate are utilized by ...

Back 27

Bacteria & Algae

Front 28

Nitrogen Fixation

Back 28

Small number of bacteria that can take Usable compounds and transform atmospheric N2 into molecules for Protein, DNA, & RNA

Front 29

What do you need to synthesize amino acids and other nitrogenous bases/compounds (DNA, RNA)

Back 29

Nitrogen Sources must be converted to NH3 (ammonia) to combine with Carbon

Front 30

The 4 Major Classes of Organic Compounds

Back 30

1. Lipids

2. Proteins

3. Carbohydrates

4. Nucleic Acids

Front 31

Oxygen Sources

Back 31

Major component of organic compounds

Front 32

Oxygen is a common component of ...

Back 32

Inorganic salts like Sulfates

Front 33

What percent of the atmosphere is made up of Oxygen

Back 33

20%

Front 34

Hydrogen

Back 34

A major element in all organic and several inorganic compounds

Front 35

A molecule is organic based on a bond between which two elements?

Back 35

H+ and Carbon

Front 36

What two places are H+ ions used as an energy source?

Back 36

1. Electron Transport System (Oxidation-Reduction reactions of Respiration)

2. Flagella of Prokaryotes

Front 37

What two places are H+ bonds found?

Back 37

1. Water molecules

2. DNA zipper that holds 2 strands together

Front 38

Are H + bonds weak or strong?

Back 38

Weak

Front 39

Maintaining PH with H+ in the cell helps to prevent ...

Back 39

Denaturing of proteins

Front 40

The inorganic source of phosphorus

Back 40

Phosphate (PO43-)

Front 41

Phosphate is found in what 3 Main places of a cell ?

Back 41

1. Glycolysis production of ATP

2. DNA/RNA (nucleic acids key component)

3. Phospholipid Bilayer

Front 42

What gives DNA a negative charge?

Back 42

Phosphate

Front 43

Sulfur

Back 43

• Widely distributed in mineral form

• Essential component of some vitamins

• Amino Acids that allow an important disulfide bond

Front 44

Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells can be saprophytic? True or False

Back 44

True

Hint 44

Saprobes (fungi & bacteria) eat off dead decaying matter and metabolize their food externally

Front 45

Chemoheterotrophic is aIso known as as a host? True or False

Back 45

True

Front 46

Derived nutrients from cells or tissues of a host are caused by a . . .

Back 46

Parasite

Front 47

Why can parasites be referred to as Pathogens?

Back 47

Parasites are referred to as Pathogens because they cause tissue damage on even death

Front 48

Ectoparasites

Back 48

Live on your body (Normal microbiotia)

Front 49

Endoparasites

Back 49

Lives in organs & tissues (Normal microbiotia)

Front 50

Intracellular Parasites

Back 50

Live within cells

Front 51

Obligate parasites

Back 51

Unable to grow outside of living host "viruses"

Front 52

Nutrient Transport requires ...

Back 52

a carrier and energy

Front 53

What moves easily through phospholipids bilayer?

Back 53

small and non polar molecules move easily in out

Front 54

What type of transport is occurring here?

Back 54

Cellular Transport: Diffusion

Front 55

Active Transport requires...

Back 55

Energy

Front 56

Diffusion is also known as passive transport. True or False

Back 56

True

Front 57

Passive Transport is when molecules move from Low → High concentration. True or False?

Back 57

False

Molecules move from high → low concentration

Front 58

What Channels allow molecules to move through the membrane sac?

Back 58

Aquaporins

Hint 58

Front 59

Net gradient will favor Osmosis in membrane sac? T or F?

Back 59

True

Front 60

What is occurring in this illustration?

Back 60

Osmolysis

Will be able to occur due to lack of cell wall

Front 61

What will happen to cell in this illustration? Is the solution hypotonic or hypertonic?

Back 61

Crenation of gram- Cells

Front 62

What prokaryote developed a water vacuole as an adaptation of Osmotic Variation

Back 62

Amoeba

Front 63

How do Halobacteria make their cells isotonic?

Back 63

Halobacteiia absorb salt

Front 64

Facilitated Diffusion

Back 64

Transport polar hydrophilic molecules with protein carriers & channels

Front 65

Facilitated Diffusion flows from high → low Concentration

True or False

Back 65

True

Front 66

Active Transport requires . . . and moves .........

Back 66

A protein carrier and Requires Energy.

Moves against the gradient.

Front 67

What type of transport is depicted in this illustration?

Back 67

Active Transport that uses ATP for energy

Front 68

Endocytosis

Back 68

Bulk Particles or Cells are engulfed by process of phagocytosis by WBCs

Hint 68

Amoeba

Front 69

Pinocytosis

Back 69

Liquid enters the cell by process of phagocytosis

ex: dissolved glucose, Na+, Amino Acids

Front 70

Exocytosis

Back 70

Package and Release of Substances (proteins) from a cell (golgi apparatus)

ex: insulin → pancreatic cell → blood

Hint 70

Requires energy of the cell

Front 71

Group Translocation

Back 71

An Active Transport that moves molecules across the cell simultaneously as it is converting a useful substance

Hint 71

composition and location change of a useful substance

Front 72

5 Microbes that thrive in specific temperatures

Back 72

1. Psychrophile

2. Psychotroph

3. Thermophile

4. Mesophile

5. Extremethermophile

Front 73

Psychrophile

Back 73

• Optimum Temperature below 15°C; capable of growth @ 0°C

• Cannot grow above 20°C

Front 74

Psychrotrophs

Back 74

Grow slowly in cold but have an optimum temperature above 20°C

Front 75

Red Snow

Back 75

Psychrophile - Algae with red pigment

Front 76

Thermophile

Back 76

• Microbe that grows optimally at temperatures greater than 45°C

• Temperature Range from 45°C - 80°C

Front 77

Extremethermophiles

Back 77

grow between 80°C and 120°C (Archae)

Front 78

Mesophile

Back 78

• Grows @ intermediate temperatures

• Optimum growth between 20°C - 40°C

• Temperate, Subtropical, and Tropical Regions

• Most human pathogens have optima between 30°C - 40°C

Front 79

Aerobes

Back 79

Use oxygen and uses/needs enzymes to process oxygen products

Front 80

Obligate Aerobe

Back 80

Cannot grow without Oxygen and have enzymes

Front 81

Facultative Anaerobe

Back 81

Capable of growth in absence of Oxygen and have enzymes (aerobic respiration)

Front 82

Microaerophile

Back 82

Doesn't grow @ normal atmospheric concentrations of oxygen but requires a small amount of metabolism and has enzymes

Front 83

Anaerobes

Back 83

• Lack enzymes for using oxygen in respiration

Front 84

Strict or Obligate Anaerobes

Back 84

Will die it exposed to Oxygen (clostridium)

Hint 84

Cloudy @ bottom of test tube

Front 85

Aerotolerant Anaerobes

Back 85

Doesn't use Oxygen but can survive and grow to a limited extent in the presence of oxygen

Front 86

Obligate Acidophiles

Back 86

Euglena mutabilis - Algae that grows between 0-1.0 pH

Thermoplasma - Archae that lives in hot coals 1.0 -2.0 pH; would lyse if exposed to pH 7

Front 87

Microbe and Osmotic Pressure

Back 87

Most microbes live either under hypotonic (fresh water) or isotonic conditions

Front 88

Osmophiles/Halophiles (halotolerant)

Back 88

Live in habitats with high solute concentration

Prefers high concentrations of salt

Front 89

Microbial Associations

Back 89

Symbiotic and Nonsymbiotic

Front 90

Symbiotic Organisms

Back 90

* Live in close nutritional relationships; required by One or both members

• Mutualism

• Commensalism

• Parasitism

Front 91

Mutualism

Back 91

Obligatory, dependent, both members benefit

Hint 91

protozoan and termites

Front 92

Commensalism

Back 92

Satellitism; Commensal benefits; other member isn't harmed (c-diff)

Front 93

Parasitism

Back 93

Parasite is dependent and benefits; host harmed

Front 94

Nonsymbiotic Organisms

Back 94

* Organisms are free-living; relationships not required for survival

• Synergism

• Antagonism

Front 95

Synergism

Back 95

• Members cooperate and share nutrients

• Biofilms created (mixed communities of organism that can exist on their own)

Front 96

Antagonism

Back 96

• Some members inhibited or destroyed by others

• Some benefit and some destroyed

Front 97

Binary fission

Back 97

• Asexual process

. growth pattern is exponential

• generation time is 30-60 min and can be as short as 10- 12 min

Front 98

• Rate of population to complete fission cycle is referenced as

Back 98

" Generation" or "Doubling Time"

Front 99

Normal Growth Curve Pattern

Back 99

• Lag phase

• Exponential Growth phase (log phase)

• Stationary Growth Phase

• Death Phase (some cells remain viable)

Front 100

Growth Patterns in microbial control

Back 100

Stages of infection

Front 101

Turbidometry

Back 101

Clear nutrient solution becomes turbid as microbes grow in it

Front 102

Genetics

Back 102

Study of inheritance

• How traits are transmitted

• Variations of genes and how they're expressed

• Structure and Function of genes

• Gene mutations

Front 103

3 Gene Levels

Back 103

1. Organismal

2. Chromosomal

3. Molecular

Front 104

DNA must be able to ...

Back 104

• self-replicate when needed

• must be accurately duplicated and separated from each daughter cell

Front 105

DNA is independent of Transcription

True or False

Back 105

True

Front 106

Transcription only makes copies of genetic material when needed

True or False?

Back 106

True

Front 107

Viruses can self replicate

True or False?

Back 107

False

Front 108

Genome

Back 108

DNA Recipe Book

Front 109

Chromosome

Back 109

Chapter in DNA Recipe Book

Front 110

Gene

Back 110

• Page or Recipe in DNA Recipe Book

Front 111

Structural Gene

Back 111

Codes for Proteins or RNA Molecule

Front 112

Regulatory Genes

Back 112

• Involved in controlling possession of genotype (genetic constitution of an individual organism)

• Expression of the phenotype (physical traits that come thru)

Front 113

Organisms contain more genes in their genotype than are manifested as

Back 113

a phenotype

Front 114

How many genes does a Small Virus have?

Back 114

4-5 genes

Front 115

How many genes do Human cell contain?

Back 115

25,000 genes

Front 116

Chromosome

Back 116

Neatly packed DNA Molecule

Front 117

Eukaryotic chromosomes include

Back 117

• DNA & Histone

• Nucleus

• Vary in # few-hundreds

• Diploid or Haploid

• Appear Linear

Front 118

Bacterial chromosomes include

Back 118

• Condensed and secured by " histone-like" proteins

• Single Circular Chromosome

Front 119

DNA consists of what 3 parts

Back 119

1. Deoxyribose (5 carbon sugar)

2. Phosphate Group

3. Nitrogenous Base

* Purines: Adenines, Guanine

* Pyrimidines: Thymine, Cytosine

e

Front 120

DNA Covalent Backbone

Back 120

1 sugar bound to 2 phosphates , 5' to 3' carbon

Front 121

RNA Polymerase

Back 121

Enzyme that carries out Transcription

Front 122

RNA Molecule - Nucleotide A-Adenine is complimentary to...

G-Guanine is complimentary to ...

Back 122

U -Uracil

C-Cytosine