Exam 2 Lipids

Front 1

Lipids consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally ..., soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water

Back 1

hydrophobic

Front 2

lipids form the framework of biological ..., provide ... reserves (9 kcal/g), ... vital organs, ... the body, and can act as vitamins, hormones, and other chemical ...

Back 2

membranes
energy
cushion
insulate
messengers

Front 3

Fat makes up approximately ..% of the calories consumed in the average american diet

Back 3

38%

Front 4

... are related to many human pathological conditions, including Alzheimer's, obesity, cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, diabetes, cancer, metabolic syndromes, lipid storage diseases

Back 4

lipids

Front 5

what are the 5 classes of lipids?

Back 5

-triglycerides (triacylglycerols)
-phospholipids
-sphingolipids (sphingophospholipids and glycolipids)
-eicosanoids
-cholesterol (and its derivatives)

Front 6

what are the building blocks of lipids?

Back 6

fatty acids

Front 7

fatty acids:
-carboxylic acid with a long ... "tail"
-numbering of carbons begins with the alpha carbon or omega carbon
-most "natural" fatty acids have an ... number of carbons

Back 7

aliphatic
even

Front 8

naming of FAs:
-In IUPAC nomenclature (systematic name), FAs have an "..." suffix
-in common nomenclature, the suffix is usually "..."
-FA's can also be abbreviated using the number of carbons in the FA chain, followed by a colon, and then the number of unsaturated bonds present

Back 8

-oic acid
-ic acid

Front 9

what is this?
-all carbons in the chain contain as many hydrogens as possible
-no carbon-carbon double bonds present
-packed together very tightly forming solid animal fats

Back 9

saturated fatty acids

Front 10

what is this?
-contain an alkenyl functional group (-CH=CH-)
-double bond "kinks" or bends chain --> looser packaging, liquid (oil)
-cis (same side) or trans (opposite sides) configuration

Back 10

unsaturated fatty acids

Front 11

which 3 fats are unhealthy?

Back 11

saturated fats
trans-unsaturated fats
hydrogenated fats

Front 12

Fatty acids can be ... or ... to other molecules (such as triglycerides and phospholipids)

Back 12

free
attached

Front 13

... fatty acids are an important fuel source (preferred by heart and skeletal muscle to glucose) (beta-oxidation)

Back 13

free

Front 14

Fatty acids can undergo esterification (acid combines with an alcohol to form an ester), acid-base reactions, or reduction to yield ...

Back 14

alcohols

Front 15

triglyceride structure
-"fats", oils, adipose tissue
-... backbone esterified with 3 fatty acids (chains usually 16, 18, 20 Cs in length)
-derived from any extra ... consumed (fat, carbs, or protein)

Back 15

glycerol
calories

Front 16

main function of triglycerides is ...

Back 16

energy

Front 17

measuring ... levels can serve as markers for other diseases.

normal is less than 150 mg/dL

Back 17

triglyceride

Front 18

phospholipids resemble triglycerides with one of the fatty acids replaced with a ... esterified to a functional group (choline, ethanolamine, serine, glycerol, or inositol)

Back 18

phosphoric acid

Front 19

Phospholipids are ... (hydrophilic polar head group (phosphate moiety) and 2 hydrophobic fatty acid tails

Back 19

amphipathic

Front 20

phospholipids are the main constituents of ... (forms micelles and lipid bilayers)

Back 20

cell membranes

Front 21

what is this?
-resembles phosphatidylcholine, except the fatty acid at C1 of glycerol contains either an O-alkyl (-O-CH2-) or O-alkenyl either (-O-CH=CH-) species.
-The C2 position of the glycerol backbone is commonly occupied by arachidonic acid or decosahexanoic acid

Back 21

plasmalogens

Front 22

functions of plasmalogens
-impt structural ... components and ...
-enriched in neural membranes
-may act as endogenous ...
-...-->mediator of hypersensitivity and inflammation

Back 22

membrane
second messengers
antioxidants
PAF (platelet activating factor)

Front 23

sphingolipids
-backbone is ...(derived from serine rather than glycerol)
-includes ceramides, sphingomyelin and glycolipids (cerebrosides, sulfatides, globosides, gangliosides)

Back 23

sphingosine

Front 24

functions of sphingolipids
-forms a mechanically stable and chemically resistant ... within plasma membranes
-helps form the ... in the nervous system
-funciton in cell ... and ...

Back 24

barrier
myelin sheath
recognition and signaling

Front 25

what are these?
-oxygenated derivatives of 3 different 20-C essential fatty acids (omega-3, omega-6)
-formed using the enzymes cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase

Back 25

eicosanoids

Front 26

what are these?
-leukotrienes
-prostaglandins
-prostacyclins
-thromboxanes

Back 26

the 4 main groups of eicosanoids

Front 27

functions of eicosanoids
-very diverse group of ... molecules
-major players in ... response
(aspirin and NSAIDs block eicosanoid synthesis)

Back 27

signaling
inflammatory

Front 28

what is this?
-cell membrane component and precursor to steroid hormones and vitamin D
-central core consisting of 4 fused rings is shared by all steroids

Back 28

cholesterol

Front 29

cholesterol can be ... into many different things, including other important hormones

Back 29

converted

Front 30

sources of cholesterol
-... synthesizes 2 grams of cholesterol a day (85% of blood cholesterol)
-#% of blood cholesterol comes from dietary sources (meat and dairy)

Back 30

liver
15%

Front 31

HDLs (... cholesterol) carry LDLs (... cholesterol) away from artery walls. LDLs stick to artery walls and can lead to plaque build-up (atherosclerosis

Back 31

good
bad