Exam 2- Final Review

Front 1

Chondrocranium and Visceral Skeleton

Back 1

Components of the skull that are composed of cartilage and or cartilage replacement bone.

Front 2

- Occipital
- Sphenoid
- Ethmoid
- Otic Centers

Back 2

Major centers of ossification with the chondrocranium

Front 3

Prechordal Cartilages

Back 3

During formation of the chondrocranium, the ethmoid plate is formed by the expansion and fusion of this

Front 4

The Splanchnocranium

Back 4

Refers to the skeletal elements associated with the Stomach and Intestine

Front 5

- Ear Bones (malleus, incus, and stapes)
- Hyoid Bone and the Laryngeal Cartilages

Back 5

The splanchnocranium in mammals (including humans) includes which two sets of elements?

Front 6

Mammals and some reptiles

Back 6

The secondary palate is found in?

Front 7

Stapes (which was first seen in amphibians)

Back 7

Of the three ear bones found in mammals, the first to appear during the evolution of tetrapods was the ________

Front 8

Synapsid Type Skull

Back 8

Noted for having a single temporal opening (fossa) on each side of the skull

Front 9

Temporal Fossae

Back 9

Likely evolved because it allowed for the expansion of muscles that operate the jaw.

Front 10

- Paleostyly
- Euautostyly
- Amphistyly
- Holostyly
- Craniostyl

Back 10

These terms refer to different types of jaw suspensions and articulations with the skull proper

Front 11

- Meckel's Cartilage (posterior end)
- Articular bone
- The Malleus

Back 11

Which skeletal elements are homologous to one another?

Front 12

- Fishes
- Snakes and Lizards
- Birds

Back 12

Vertebrates that show a high degree of cranial kinesis

Front 13

Centrum of the Vertebra

Back 13

Forms around the notochord and partly or completely replaces it

Front 14

Odontid Processes

Back 14

Vertebrate processes found in tetrapods that function as points of articulation between vertebrae; and which, depending on their orientation, may allow side-to-side bending of the vertebral column while resisting vertical bending, or vice versa.

Front 15

Acelous

Back 15

Vertebrae that have a centrum that is flat on both ends (as supposed to being concave on one or both ends)

Front 16

Synsacrum

Back 16

In birds, the posterior thoracic, all of the lumbar sacral, and the anterior caudal vertebrae are fused together forming a structure

Front 17

Atlas

Back 17

In reptiles, birds, and mammals the first two cervical vertebrae are highly modified in a way that increases the rage of movement of the head. The first is called the?

Front 18

Holospondyly

Back 18

Vertebrae in which the centra and neural spines (arches) are anatomically fused into a single bone

Front 19

Urostyle

Back 19

A long bone formed by the fusion of caudal vertebrae of anurans

Front 20

Pelvic Girdle

Back 20

In tetrapods, it is braced against the vertebral column at the sacrum

Front 21

Has fewer individual bones and includes only a scapula and clavicle

Back 21

Relative to early tetrapods and ancestral bony fish, the pectoral girdle of mammals _________

Front 22

Were essentially present in the first tetrapods and in the non-tetrapod sarcopterygian ancestor from which they arose

Back 22

The basic arrangement and number of skeletal elements making up the stylopodium and zeugopodium of modern tetrapods __________

Front 23

Plantigrade Foot Posture

Back 23

The ancestral foot posture in mammals and the foot posture that is retained in primates, rodents and most other mammals that do not show distinct adaptation for fast running

Front 24

Epimysium

Back 24

The connective tissue layer that surrounds an entire muscle and which is continuous with the tendon of that

Front 25

Have a greater total cross sectional area of muscle fibers, and can generate greater force

Back 25

Pinnate muscles, relative to parallel muscles of similar size, insertion and origin, ________

Front 26

False

Back 26

True or False: A long muscle will move the element it is inserted on at a slower speed than a shorter muscle

Front 27

False

Back 27

True or False: Somatic muscles are derived from the splanchnic layer of the lateral plate mesoderm (hypomere)

Front 28

Paraxial Mesoderm

Back 28

The somites (epimers) along the trunk and the somitomeres of the head are part of the _________

Front 29

Branchiomeric Muscles

Back 29

Muscles which were derived from somitomeres and are associated with the pharyngeal arches and their derivatives

Front 30

- They develop from segmentally arranged myotomes (somites)
- They are divided by a horizontal septum into epaxial and hypaxial groups, although these groups may not be distinct in adults of some tetrapods"

Back 30

What is correct concerning the axial muscles of the trunk and tail?

Front 31

An adult frog or terrestrial salamander

Back 31

Which vertebrates are most likely to exhibit seizure and inertial feeding?

Front 32

Peritoneal Cavity

Back 32

A subdivision of the coelom in mammals, birds, and some reptiles that contains most of the digestive organs but not the lungs

Front 33

They are generally homodont

Back 33

What is true concerning the teeth of fishes?

Front 34

Terrestrial tetrapods

Back 34

Large multicellular oral glands that produce mucous and other secretions are common in?

Front 35

Crowns of teeth

Back 35

Composed of an outer layer of enamel covering an inner layer or dentin

Front 36

Thecodont

Back 36

Teeth that are attached to the jaw by being set in a socket

Front 37

Thecodont

Back 37

What type of teeth do mammals have?

Front 38

Bunodont

Back 38

Maliform teeth with low rounded cusps

Front 39

Herbivores

Back 39

High crown teeth the surface of which is worn off to leave ridges of enamel surrounded by somewhat less hard dentin and cementum are typical of _________

Front 40

Cats

Back 40

Give an example of a mammal that will have carnassial teeth

Front 41

2

Back 41

"Rabbits have the following dental formula:
2-0-3-3
1-0-2-3
How many total incisors do they have in the lower jaw?"

Front 42

Tetrapods

Back 42

True tongues (muscular structures capable of being independently moved) are found only in _________

Front 43

- Some amphibians have tongues attached at their anterior ends that flipped out to capture prey
- Woodpeckers have relatively long tongues that are supported and protruded by a hyoid apparatus that wraps around the back of a skull
- Vertebrates that use their tongues to capture food generally do not use their tongue to swallow and manipulate food after it is captured"

Back 43

State 3 things that are true concerning the use of tongues in feeding

Front 44

Ceca

Back 44

Outpockets along the digestive tract

Front 45

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

Back 45

Name the major levels of the gut wall from the inner-most to the outer-most layers

Front 46

Visceral Peritoneum

Back 46

The outermost layer of the serosa is the same as this

Front 47

Crop

Back 47

A cecum located off the esophagus

Front 48

Birds

Back 48

A crop is typical of what vertebrate?

Front 49

Intestine

Back 49

Most of the enzymatic digestion and absorption of nutrients occur in this part of most vertebrates

Front 50

Herbivores and Seed Eaters

Back 50

Two or multiple chambered stomachs in vertebrates are typically found in?

Front 51

Gizzards

Back 51

Highly muscular chamber of the two chambered stomach of some birds

Front 52

A simple stomach and an enlarged cecum off the start of the large intestine

Back 52

Hindgut fermenters typically have ________

Front 53

Pancreas

Back 53

Produces several digestive enzymes that are released into the intestine

Front 54

Liver

Back 54

Produces bule salts which emulsify fats and is released into the small intestine

Front 55

Spiral Valve

Back 55

Typical of the intestine of sharks and some bony fishes, but not a teleost

Front 56

External Respiration

Back 56

The exchange of respiratory gasses between an organism and its environment

Front 57

Amphibians

Back 57

The skin including the lining of the mouth is the only means of gas exchange in some ________

Front 58

Ventral aorta to the afferent branchial arteries to the capillaries of gills to the efferent branchial arteries to the dorsal aorta

Back 58

Blood supply from the gills of fish flows from the _________

Front 59

Some bony fishes, most amphibians, all reptiles birds, and mammals

Back 59

Lungs which function as respiratory organs occur in?

Front 60

Drawing water into the oropharyngeal cavity by lowering the floor of the cavity; and then forcing water across the gills and out the external gill slits or operculum chamber by raising the floor of the cavity

Back 60

Most fishes ventilate their gills by the _________

Front 61

- It increases the efficiency of oxygen uptake by maintaining a concentration gradient for oxygen between the blood and water.
- As blood takes up oxygen from the water it runs towards water that has higher and higher oxygen concentration
- As water loses oxygen to the blood it moves toward blood that has lower and lower oxygen concentration

Back 61

What is correct concerning the counter current flow mechanism in the gills of fish?

Front 62

- The develop in the same general manner as lungs, but in some teleosts lose their connection with the anterior end of the gut tube during development
- They function as swim bladders to help maintain buoyancy
- The function in aerial respiration in some fishes - They function as a hearing organ or a means of vocalization in some fish

Back 62

What is correct concerning the pneumatic sacs of bony fishes?

Front 63

Lung

Back 63

An evagination (out pocket) along the ventral side of the pharyngeal region of the gut tube

Front 64

Diaphragm

Back 64

A muscle that functions in breathing is found only in mammals

Front 65

Amphibians

Back 65

Positive pressure ventilation of the lungs occurs only in _______

Front 66

False

Back 66

True or False: The ventilation of the lungs of birds can be viewed as being much less efficient than the ventilation of the lungs of mammals, because in birds there is an extensive mixing of incoming fresh air and outgoing air low in oxygen during each ventilation cycle

Front 67

Alveoli

Back 67

Gas exchange in the lungs of mammals occurs between blood in the capillaries and air in the _________

Front 68

False

Back 68

True or False: The lungs of mammals and the lungs of amphibians are essentially the same, both being composed of millions of tiny air sacs termed alveoli

Front 69

Mammals except Humans

Back 69

Parabronchi and air sacs are typical of the lungs of _________