Exam 1- Final Review

Front 1

Monophyletic Taxon

Back 1

A taxon that includes an acnestor and all of the descendant species from that ancestor

Front 2

Monophyletic Taxa

Back 2

The cladistic (phylogenetic systemic) approach to systematics and taxonomy

Front 3

Paraphyletic Taxon
(Example of)

Back 3

Current evidence indicates that the traditional Class Reptilia, which contains turtles, snakes, and lizards, and crocodilians, but not birds.

Front 4

Derived Character

Back 4

Refers to a character that has changed from a previous state, the precious state being referred to as the ancestral or primitive state.

Front 5

Shared Ancestral Characters

Back 5

The most useful character for determining the phylogenetic relationshops within a group of organisms. (e.g. relationships between mammals)

Front 6

Homologous Characters

Back 6

Characteristics that occur in two or more groups of organisms because they were obtained from the common ancestor of those groups

Front 7

Convergent Evolution

Back 7

The independent evolution of similar characters in two or more groups of organisms that did not share a recent common ancestor that possessed the character

Front 8

Serial Homology

Back 8

The occurrence of morphologically similar characters in two or more groups of organisms that did not share a recent common ancestor that possessed the character

Front 9

Heterochrony

Back 9

Paedomorphosis and peramorphosis are two major types of evolutionary change that result from it

Front 10

Paedomorphosis

Back 10

The retention of larval or juvenile features into the adult stage

Front 11

Your elbow is ________ to your wrist

Back 11

Proximal

Front 12

A dog's nose is ________ to its ears

Back 12

Anterior or Cranial

Front 13

Pseudocoelomata

Back 13

The echinoderms, hemichordates, and chordates belong to the clade

Front 14

Tunicata (Urochordata)

Back 14

Although Cephalachordata was long recognized as the sister taxon of Craniata, _________ is now thought to possibly be the sister to Craniata

Front 15

Cephalochordata

Back 15

Amphioxus is a member of this

Front 16

- A dorsal hollow nerve chord
- A post anal tail
- An endostyle

Back 16

Synapamorphy (s) of Chordata

Front 17

Pharynx

Back 17

The anterior region of the digestive tract that lies between the oral cavity and the esophagus

Front 18

Pharyngeal Slits

Back 18

Form as outpocketings in the walls of the embryonic pharynx

Front 19

Lamprey

Back 19

The notochord is retained as the major axial skeletal element in the adult stage

Front 20

Apomorphy

Back 20

A derived or specialised character.

Front 21

Plesiomorphy

Back 21

An ancestral or primitive character.

Front 22

Synapomorphy

Back 22

An apomorphy (derived or specialised character) shared by two or more groups which originated in their last common ancestor.

Front 23

Symplesiomorphy

Back 23

A character shared by a number of groups, but inherited from ancestors older than the last common ancestor.

Front 24

- A brain case (cranium)
- Complex sense organs concentrated in the head region (high degree of cephalization)
- Muscular pharyngeal and gut wall
- Neural crest cells and neurogenic placodes"

Back 24

Name the synapomorphy used to recognize Craniata

Front 25

Vertebrae

Back 25

Name the synapomorphy used to recognize Vertebrae

Front 26

Craniata

Back 26

The calde that includes the vertebrates and the hagfishes

Front 27

Ostracoderms

Back 27

The first definitive vertebrates

Front 28

Acanthodians

Back 28

The earliest known jawed vertebrates

Front 29

Elasmobranchii

Back 29

A clade within Chondricthyes

Front 30

Actinopterygii

Back 30

Bass, bluebill, perch, and other teleost are in this taxa

Front 31

Eutherians

Back 31

The cat, human, and other placental mammals are?

Front 32

Induction

Back 32

The embryonic process whereby a tissue or cell influences the differentiation of an adjacent tissue or cell

Front 33

Acrosome

Back 33

The ________ of a spermatozoa (sperm) contain enzymes needed to penetrate the egg membranes during fertilization

Front 34

Different types of eggs based on the amount of yolk present

Back 34

The terms microlecithal, mesolecithal, and macrolecithal

Front 35

The animal pole (hemisphere) of a vertebrate egg

Back 35

Region of the egg that has little yolk

Front 36

Oviparous

Back 36

Vertebrates that lay eggs (embryonic development occurs outside the female with the embryo being nourished by yolk contained in the egg) are termed

Front 37

Secondary Egg Membranes

Back 37

Jelly coats, egg capsules, egg shells, are all various types of this

Front 38

Vertebrates with macrolecithal eggs

Back 38

Meroblastic (discoidal) cleavage is typical of this

Front 39

Blastoderm and is typical of reptiles and birds

Back 39

In macrolecithal eggs, the result of the cleavage stage of development is two layers of cells (an upper epiblast and lower hypoblast) with a cavity in between that sits on top of the yolk. This very early embryo is termed ________?

Front 40

Gastrulation

Back 40

The embryological process resulting in the formation of three embryonic germ layers

Front 41

Involution

Back 41

Vertebrates with mesolecithal (e.g. amphibians) typically undergo gastrulation by this

Front 42

Primitive Streak

Back 42

The region along the mid-dorsal longitudinal axis of the blastomere of reptiles and birds and the blastocysts or mammals where epiblast cells move inward during gastrulation by introgression is referred to as this

Front 43

Dorsal Hollow Nerve Tube

Back 43

During neurolation this typically develops as an infolding along the mid dorsal ectoderm of the embryo just above the developing notochord

Front 44

Neural Crests Cells and Neurogenic Placodes

Back 44

Two embryological features unique to craniates/vertebrates and which gives rise to many other features are

Front 45

Lens

Back 45

The optic placode is an ectodermal placode, but it is not a neurogenic placode because it does not give rise to the neuronal component of the eye. What does it give rise to instead?

Front 46

Visceral Peritoneum Mesenteries, and Muscles of Gut Wall

Back 46

The splanchnic layer of the lateral plate mesoderm gives tuse to?

Front 47

Placode

Back 47

A platelike structure, especially a thickened plate of ectoderm in the early embryo, from which a sense organ develops, e.g., otic p. (ear), lens p. (eye), and nasal p. (nose)

Front 48

They all develop within the branchiomeres (pharyngeal arches)

Back 48

What does the splanchnocranium (visceral skeleton), branchiomeric muscles, aortic arches, and cranial nerves 5,7,9, and 10 have in common?

Front 49

- Allantois
- Amnion
- Chorion

Back 49

Which extraembryonic membranes are found in amniotes, but are not found in non-amniotes (anamniotes)?

Front 50

Pericardial Cavity and Pleuroperitoneal Cavity

Back 50

In fishes, amphibians, and lepidosaurs the coelom is divided into?

Front 51

Peritoneal Cavity

Back 51

The subdivision of the coelom in mammals, birds, and some reptiles that contains most of the digestive organs but not the lungs.

Front 52

Parietal Peritoneum

Back 52

The epithelial layer lining a pleuroperitoneal of an amphibian or peritoneal cavity of a mammal

Front 53

Connective

Back 53

The primary tissue type that is characterized by having cells widely scattered in an extracellular matrix

Front 54

Smooth Muscle

Back 54

The type of muscle tissue found in the walls of internal organs (excluding the heart)

Front 55

Skeletal

Back 55

The type of muscle tissue with cells that are characterized as elongated, unbranched, multinucleated, and distinctly striated

Front 56

Stratum Corneum

Back 56

The outer most layer of epidermis in tetrapods

Front 57

Keratin

Back 57

Stratum Corneum is composed of dead cells filled with?

Front 58

Collagen and Elastin

Back 58

The protein fibers that typically make up the connective tissue of the dermis

Front 59

Epidermal Structures

Back 59

In terms of their developmental and origin, glands are

Front 60

Osteoderms

Back 60

Small bony plates in the skin of tetrapods

Front 61

Stratum Germinativum (stratum basale)

Back 61

The inner most layer of the epidermis which produces new cells to replace those worn off the outer layer

Front 62

Melanophores

Back 62

The chromatophore cells that produce the pigment responsible for various shades of brown

Front 63

Changes in the shape of melanophores and the dispersion of melanin which either covers or uncovers other pigment cells

Back 63

Some ectothermic vertebrates are capable of undergoing rapid, physiological based color changes. These color changes are under nervous and hormonal control and occur by?

Front 64

Bony Dermal Scales found in fishes

Back 64

Ganoid, placoid, cosmoid, ctenoid, and cycloid are all types of this

Front 65

Amphibian Skin

Back 65

Lots of multicellular mucous glands are typical of?

Front 66

- The stratum corneum is very thick and forms epidermal scales.
- There is generally no dermal bone, except in turtles which have lost of dermal bone in the shell and crocodiles which have some small dermal bones.
- Multicellular glands, with the exception of anal scent glands in snakes, are generally lacking."

Back 66

What is correct concerning the skin of non-avian reptiles?

Front 67

Uropygial Gland

Back 67

A multicellular gland found in birds that produces fatty and waxy secretions

Front 68

Hydroxyapatite

Back 68

The substance responsible for making bone hard and is a calcium phosphate containing substance

Front 69

- Function in body support and locomotion
- Homeostasis of calcium levels in the blood"

Back 69

Name the roles of the skeletal system of vertebrates

Front 70

- Hyaline Cartilage
- Fibrocartilage
- Elastic Cartilage"

Back 70

Three major types of cartilage

Front 71

Fibrocartilage

Back 71

The type of cartilage that occurs in the intervertebral disk

Front 72

Compact Bone

Back 72

The type of bone that often has distinct, densely packed concentric layers arranged around tiny canals (harversian canals)

Front 73

Spongy Bone

Back 73

The type of bone typically located within a bone's central region

Front 74

Periosteum

Back 74

The layer of fibrous connective tissues that covers the surface of bones

Front 75

Cartilage Replacement Bone

Back 75

Endonchondral bone is also called this

Front 76

Membrane Bone

Back 76

Dermal bone is a type of ________ bone that forms directly within connective tissue (mesenchyme) without a cartilaginous percursor

Front 77

Lacunae

Back 77

Osteocytes are located in cavities called?

Front 78

Ligaments

Back 78

Connect bones to bones

Front 79

Synovial Joint/ Diarthrosis

Back 79

The joint between the two dentary bones making up the lower jaw (mandible) is an example of a __________. Which is a type of _________.

Front 80

Homology

Back 80

The similarity between species for a particular organ or structure, under a variet of functions and is due to inheritance from a common ancestor. (An example is the arm of a human and the flipper of a dolphin.)

Front 81

Homoplasy

Back 81

The similarity in characters found between different species due to convergent evolution, not common descent. (An example is the fins or a shark and a dolphin.)