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192 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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volumetric |
sex difference in specific brain regions or nuclei |
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connective |
sex difference in the type or number of synapses or the size of a particular type of projection within the brain |
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SNB |
-region of the spinal cord -contains motorneurons that innervate muscles attached to the penis that control penile erection |
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males |
SNB is larger and has more neurons in _______ -more complex dedritic arbors, getting much more information from the brain |
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volumetric |
SNB is a _______ sex difference |
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organizational |
is SNB organizational or activational? |
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aromatization |
this is NOT important for masculine development of the SNB system |
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androgens |
during development ______ spare muscles and SNB |
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maternal licking of male pups (reduced make smaller SNB) |
environmental effects that can influence SNB size in male pups |
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androgens |
SNB sex difference depends on which hormone class |
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volumetric |
sex difference in SDN-POA in volumetric or connective |
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males |
is SDN-POA larger in males or females |
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estrogenic metabolites of androgens protect neurons from cell death |
how do hormines regulate cell death on SDN-POA to produce the sex difference? |
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organizational |
is the SDN-POA difference organizational or activational |
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estradiol |
the decreases apoptosis in the SDN (male) |
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increases |
estradiol increases apoptosis in AVPV in males |
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testosterone |
can permanently enlarge tje SDN-POA but only if given during a critical period in early life |
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female |
the AV/PV in the MPOA in larger on males/females |
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women have smaller brains than men |
first reported sex difference in human brain (incorrect) |
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women |
increased folding of the brain surface in women/men |
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women |
cerebral blood flow is greater in women/men |
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women, men |
_____ have higher proportion of gray matter and _____ have a higher percentage of white matter |
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neurochemical, genetic/epigenetic |
other sex differences in the human brain |
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males |
SDN-POA larger in males/females (human) |
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males |
INAH-3 is larger in men/women |
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men |
onuf's nucleus is larger in men/women |
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INAH-3 |
sex difference in this hypothalamic structure -homosexual males display more female typical size |
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males |
INAH-3 bigger in males/females |
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SDN |
INAH-3 in humans is analog to ______ |
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hormones program the brain in-utero |
take home point from david reimer story |
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DO NOT alter genetalia to conform or make problem go away, child decides
DO NOT conceal from child
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don'ts for new medical standards in dealing with disorders of sexual development and ambiguous genitalia |
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DO assign gender after appropriate genetic and hormonal tests -diagnose 5-alpha-reductase, AIS etc and predict likely gender identity based on this |
Dos for dealing with disorders of sexual development ambiguous genetalia |
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prefer boy toys as much as boys and much more than control girls |
toy preference of CAH girls |
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prefer boy friends more than control girls |
friend preference in CAH girls |
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androgens masculinize the brain in-utero |
what CAH girl study shows about androgens on developming brain |
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21-hydroxylase deficiency |
this occurs when progesterone is shunted into adrenal glands and too much androgens get produced and not enough stress hormones |
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target directed things, math questions, spatial reasoning |
males perform better on these task types |
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language tasks and perceptual speed |
females better at these task types |
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can look a circulating levels of testosterone and see how women/men perform -women with high testosterone perform better on spatial tasks than women with lower testosterone |
evidence for activational effects in humans in cognitive tasks |
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-play behavior in primates -birdsong -urinary posture in canines |
animal models for sexually dimorphic behaviors |
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males engage in more play behavior than females, much is rough and tumble |
rough and tumble play behavior in primates |
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females prefer female typical toys and males prefer masculine toys |
sex differences in play (toys) in non-human primates |
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think it is organized prenatally by androgens |
evidence for organizational effects in rough and tumble play in primates |
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if rodents are separated from the environment, there will not be such a large sex correlation |
evidence for activational effects in rough and tumble play behaviors |
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sensory stage, sensory motor stage, crystallization |
stages in song learning |
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efferent motor pathway |
what pathway in the brain is responsible for song production |
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anterior forebrain pathway |
pathway in brain responsible for song learning |
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learned |
is birdsong learned or innate? |
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males sing much more |
sex difference in zebra finch birdsong |
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-area X can't be discerned in females -HVC and RA bigger in males |
brain regions sex differences in zebra finch |
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estrogen, androgen |
sexual dimorphisms in zebra finch brain nuclei and singing behavior are organized by ______ but activated by ________ |
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-RA and HVC almost same size as male -they sing |
what happens to female zebra finch given estradiol after hatching and T later in adulthood |
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organizational effects |
these effects in birdsong are laregly dependent on estrogens (cause masculinizing effect) |
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both |
birdsong is organizational, activational, or both |
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testes |
these are not sufficient to masculinize the female zebra finch brain |
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sex chromosomes have effect on sexually dimorphic behavior |
what does birdsong in zebra finches tell us about role of sex chromosomes versus hormones |
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-castration after hatching does not demasculinize the song or singing behavior -treating hatchling males with antiestrogens, antiandrogens, or aromatase inhibitor does not demasculinize males -no consistent sex differences in chick plasma estradiol or testosterone -no sex differences in brain receptors or brain aromatase -treating genetic females with an aromatase inhibitor during development will produce genetic female with testes |
reasons for sex chromosome as having effect on sexually dimorphic behavior (zebra finches) |
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-both sides of brain exposed to the same hormonal milieu -male side of brain has bigger HVC (male typical) -normal male song and copulation
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reasons for maybe a gene on the sex chromosome plays a role -bird with half female/half male |
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female |
females with male gonads have male or female typical brain? |
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although hormones can masculinize the song system of the female zebra finches, non-hormonal factors normally induce masculinization of the zebra finch song system |
what we learn from female zebra finches with male gonads not have male-typical brain |
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had masculinized genitalia and male urinary posture |
female dogs treated with T in utero and immediately after birth showed _______ genitalia and _______ urinary posture |
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shift from the juvenile to male position when normal males do |
male dogs castrated had what effect on urinary posture |
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male typical posture organized by perinatal androgen exposure but does NOT require hormones are activation |
what we know from urinary posture in canines |
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females |
_____ will have about the same rank/quality of offspring over time |
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higher |
males with _____ rank and quality can end up with many more offspring and vice versa |
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-eggs are relatively large and limited in supply -sperm are relatively small and not limited |
gamete reasons for male v female sexual behaviors |
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-pregnancy and lactation, invest more in offspring than males |
parental investment sexual behaviors |
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-females must be choosy -males must be "ardent" (mate with as many females as possible |
reproductive fitness reason for male v female sexual behaviors |
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sexual behaviors |
behaviors that evolved to bring the two gametes together |
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sexual attraction |
what is necessary to bring the two sexes together (ie, appearances, smells) -often closely associated with peak fertility time and physiological readiness to reproduce |
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appetitive-courtship and consummatory-copulatory behavior -appetitive/courtship |
two phases of male sexual behavior (rodent and human) and which one lasts longer? |
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post-ejaculatory interval |
the time between ejaculation and next bout of copulation (greater than 90 min = sexual satiation) |
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coolidge effect |
the propensity for an animal that has appeared sexually satisfies with a present partner to resume sexual activity when provided with a novel partner |
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sexual behavior and motivation |
these decrease with castration |
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males take longer to initiate mounting and intromissions, fewer intromissions prior to ejaculation |
first sexual behaviors to disppear following castration |
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mount latency |
how long until the male mounts |
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obstruction tests |
test when male has to hop over something to get to a female to see how motivated he is |
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measures of sexual performance |
-inter-mount interval, intromission interval -number of mounts and intromissions prior to ejaculations -ejaculation latency |
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measures of mating potential |
-number of ejaculations -number of ejaculations prior to sexual satiety |
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measures of sexual motivation |
-moun tlatency -obstruction tests |
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rats cannot mate to ejaculation --> decline in number of mounts and intromissions --> male no longer mounts |
final stages of sexual behavior disappearance following castration |
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sexually INexperienced rate will show rapid decrease in sexual behaviors following castration -many males with prior sexual experience will continue to mate for weeks after castration |
how do we know sexual experience have a large impact on the effects of castration in many animals |
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mounts, intromission, ejaculation (last thing to come back is actual ability to reproduce, musculature needs hormones to grow back) |
order of restoration of male sexual behavior following castration |
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more |
takes more/less time for T injections to restore male sexual behavior after it is lost than to maintain directly after castration |
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-androgen receptors decrease in number if not maintained by circulating androgens, musculature atrophies too |
why does it take longer to restore male sexual behavior than to maintain it after castration |
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activational AND organizational effects |
T exerts effects on mating behavior via aromatization to estradiol (important for _______effects |
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-in castrated rats, androstenedione (T precursor) and estradiol are effective in activating appetitve and consummatory male sexual behaviors -T plus aromatase inhibitor reduces male sexual behavior -aromatase KO mice mice and estrogen receptor KO mice have deficits in sexual behavior |
experimental evidence for aromatization of testosterone to estradiol necessary for activational effects on hormones in male sexual behavior |
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does not prevent post-castration decline in reproductive behavior -important in periphery to maintain penile relfexes and tactile sensitivity (androgens acting on androgen receptors) |
effect of 5 alpha DHT (product of T that can't be converted to estrogen) |
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androgens -rats with different sex drives lose copulation at the same rate, after original organizational pattern begins again, regardless of the dose given |
individual differences in sexual behavior are NOT determined by individual differences in ________ -and reason why |
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-yes -very low conc of T can maintain sexual behaviors in copulators -linear blood conc, but nonlinear ejaculation (maybe males have more/less sensitivity to hormone) |
in copulators vs noncopulators, are different levels of T able to support sexual behavior? |
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amyloid beta precursor protein |
this molecule may account for individual differences in copulators v noncopulators |
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one strain of mice that got castrated but still have sex, male sex behavior without having hormones circulating -(amyloid beta precursor protein is overexpressed in persistent copulators) -did gene array to find it |
experimential evidence for amyloid beta as possible molecule in copulators v noncopulators |
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testosterone |
a rise in this is seen in males during and prior to mating in response to sensory cues associated with females (can be classically conditioned) |
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androgens |
not accurate to say that these cause sexual behavior, they affect the liklelihood of mating behaviors in the prescence of appropriate stimuli in the appropriate social context |
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vomeronasal organ |
olfactory bulbectomy and destruction of the ______ reduces male attempts to mate -detects pheromones |
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odor of estrus females |
this in estrus females produces electrical activity in the olfactory bulbs and the MPOA |
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MPOA |
activation here disappeared following castration, T replacement therapy restored MPOA responsiveness |
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amygdala |
receives projections from the olfactory bulb |
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basolateral |
lesions of the ______ amygdala reduces sexual motivation |
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corticomedial |
lesions of the ______ amygdala disrupts copulation |
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amygdala |
contains androgen and estrogen receptors as well as aromatase mRNA |
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fos |
the amygdala shows ______ activation after mating |
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MPOA |
where does amygdala project? |
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MPOA |
critical for integrating various internal and external stimuli prior to and during copulation including environmental, sensory, physiological, and psychological info |
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behavior, motivation |
lesions of the MPOA abolishes sexual ______ but sexual ________ is unaffected |
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ejaculation |
electrical stimulation of the MPOA accelerates __________ |
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androgen and estrogen receptors and aromatase mRNA |
autoradiographic studies have shown that the MPOA contain these receptors -also contains this type of mRNA |
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implants of T in the MPOA of castrated males facilitate sexual behavior but not if given with aromatase inhib |
experimental evidence of MPOA in sexual behavior |
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MPOA |
activated by copulatory stimuli as detected by the immediate early gene Fos |
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PGN |
has serotonergic fibers that normally inhbit the erection response |
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mPOA |
this signals to counteract the erection inhibition by the PGN |
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medial amygdala and then the mPOA |
where does the VMO project? |
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spinal cord |
where does the PGN project |
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difficulty achieving ejaculation/erection/orgasm due to enhanced effectiveness of the PGN released serotonin in the spinal cord |
side affect of SSRIs and why? |
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destroying connections to DAergic neurons in the PAG and VTA -DA agonsts can provide some restoration |
major effect of MPOA lesions: |
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DA |
in intact rate, _____ agonists facilitate mating behavior whereas antagonists suppress mating |
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cues from an extrous female |
microdialysis show that extracellular DA in MPOA increases in response to ________ |
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PAG --> PGN ---> spinal cord |
where does the POA project to and induce DA release |
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need opiods and pleasure centers to have learned partner preference |
needed for learned partner preference in Kim Pfaus video |
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sexual orientation is a stable pattern of attraction to members of a particular sex, which is not synonomous with sexual behavior |
difference between sexual orientation and behavior |
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oSDN |
this is bigger in male than females, but males with weaker partner preference have smaller oSDN (in between male and female size) |
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INAH-3 |
this sub region in the POA shows similar size in women and gay men |
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use two males and two females and see which one the male mount |
partner preference testing in sheep |
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organizational effect |
the oSDN brain region in sheep is a result of _______ effects by hormones |
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INAH-3 |
human correlate to the oSDN in sheep |
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testosterone |
average population wide levels of ________ correlate with sexual behavior |
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consummatory effects (coital attempts, orgasm) |
doses of T effect this aspect of sexual behavior in hypogonadal men |
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T level increased after intercourse not before (ie, does not cause the behavior) |
study that tested male and female couple on nights in which they had sex and nights in which they did not, what did it show? |
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androgens -T and DHT can reinstate sexual behav -blocking estrogen receptor or giving aromatase inhibitor does not effect sexual behavior |
male human sexual behavior depends on androgens or androgens being aromatized to estrogens? and why |
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VTA releases DA |
PET scans of men brought to orgasm by their partners shows activation in what area and what does that area make |
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cyclic, constant |
female reproduction is ______ and in males it is ______ |
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estrus |
in female rodents, this is the time when they have a strong motivation to gain access to males and mate -very attractive to males -males prefer to mount -are receptive and will permit mating |
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anestrus |
during this period in female rodents, they will not sustain pain pain or exert much effort to interat with males -not atttractive to males -male unlikely to mount -are NOT receptive and NOT permit mating to occur |
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estrous cycle |
cycle betwen mating and non-mating conditions in female (4-5 days in rats) |
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diestrus 1, diestrus 2, proestrus (behavioral estrus), estrus |
4 stages of estrus |
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estrogen and progesterone |
-behavioral estrus occurs when ovulation is at its peak and when these hormones are at their peak |
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FSH |
this hormone released from the pituitary causes follicles to grow and mature prior to ovulation |
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LH |
what pituitary hormone stimulates ovulation |
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corpora lutea |
-follicles are converted to this which produce large amount of progesterone after ovulation (terminates receptivity) |
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estrous behavior disapears |
what happens to estrous behavior when ovaries are removed from a female rat through ovaryectomy (OVX) |
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some, but not all rats display estrous behavior |
what happens to estrous behavior when OVX females given E alone |
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no estrous behavior |
what happens to estrous behavior in OVX females when given P alone |
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normal estrous behavior |
what happens to estrous behavior in OVX females when given E followed by P |
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activational (E primes brain to be sensitive to P) |
are estrous behaviors activational or organizational? |
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has positive feedback mechanism before ovulation and negative feedback after ovulation |
what is meant by the biphasic effects of progesterone |
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need P to get lordosis behavior (Induced by P administration in WT OVX females but NOT in PRKO females) |
what is learned from the PRKO (progesterone receptor KO) mice experiment |
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alpha receptor more important than beta receptor for receptivity |
what do we learn from the ERKO experiments? |
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postpartum estrus |
-rats can mate ad become pregnant during this spontaneous period after birth -usually about 24 hrs after giving birth -sends attractive signals to male due to similar hormone environment similar to the endocrine state associated with ovulation in estrous cycle |
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double reproductive output |
evolutionary benefit to postpartum estrus |
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attractivity, proceptivity, and receptivity |
three components of female sexual behavior |
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attractivity |
stimulus value of a female for a given male |
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proceptivity |
female initiation of copulation -appetitive phase |
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receptivity |
responsiveness to sexual initiation by the male -consummatory phase |
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during behavioral estrus when E levels peak |
when are all 3 female sexual behavior components at their highest? |
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# male partners the female has had |
this social influence can also effect the attractivity of females to males in addition to hormone level (E and P) |
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estrogen |
high concentrations of ________ facilitate proceptive behavior |
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lordosis quotient |
-#lordosis/#mounts -used to determine female receptivity stage |
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attractivity |
hormones associated with ovulate mediate _____ in females |
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estrogen, progesterone |
_______-induced attractivity reduced or abolished by _________ (once ovulation has occurred |
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-morphological changes (genital swelling) -chemical cues (eg urinary and vaginal secretions) -behavior (eg, hopping, darting, ear wiggling in rats, genital presentation in non-human primates |
stimuli that enhance attractivity in females |
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-sexually solicitous behavior that initiates sexual union (but is not nec copulatory) -eg, hopping and darting, ear wiggling in rats |
proceptive behaviors in rodents |
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lordosis |
receptive behavior in female rats |
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estrogen -shown by primate experiments showing that they can copulate at all stages in ovarian cycle but copulate more when E has peaked -and rats won't lordose without it |
this hormone important in female receptivity -how is this shown in experiments |
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female pacing |
-this is important for pregnancy to occur - -helps create optimal pattern of stimulation that induces prolactin release which maintains luteal function and allow embryo implantation |
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active |
female pacing shows they are active/inactive participant in sex |
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sensory input |
hormones effect _____ by increasing receptive field size of flank sensory neurons |
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receptive field of a sensory neuron |
a region in which the presence of a stimulus will alter the firing of that neuron -larger one increases probability that male mounting will elicit a lordosis reflex |
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lordosis is abolished, induced |
what happens if the VMN in females is destroyed or electrically stimulated |
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-induces female receptivity |
what happens when estradiol is implanted into the VMN in female rats |
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-progesterone receptors |
-E can increase the production of _____ in the VMN of female rats |
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lordosis can't be elicited since that blocks the production of P receptors in VMN |
what happens if E primed female rats receive infusion of PR antisense oligonucleotides into VMN? |
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estrogens, E alpha |
______ acting on ____ receptors are regulating gene transcription to regulate genes and proteins -shown in VMN of female rats |
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VM hypothalamus --> PAG --> medullary reticular formation --> reticulospinal tract |
pathway for neural circuitry involved in lordosis |
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VM hypothalamus |
the lordosis pathway is usually inhibited but during behavioral estrus ________ will turn off the inhibition and allow lordosis to occur |
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-may be less involved in proceptive behaviors suggesting different neural mechanisms underlie sexual motivation and sexual performance -learned partner reference --> endorphins opiods in PAG |
role of PAG in female sexual behavior |
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mentrual cycles |
humans/primates have ______ cycles, while rats have estrus cycles |
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ovulation and peak estrogen |
__________ and __________ concentration coincide in both in rat and primates |
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preovulatory progesterone peak |
unlike rats, humans do not display a preovulatory _______ peak |
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progesterone |
______drastically increases following ovulation in humans and stays high for a few weeks |
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follicular phase |
-part of the menstrual cycle -length varies -follicle is developingl |
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luteal phase |
part of menstrual cycle -lasts 14 days -proliferation of the endometrium after the menstrual phase |
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attractivity increases during times of ovulation, lowest tips during menstruation -something hormonal/pheromonal at play -no effect seen in women on the pill |
stripper experiment shows what |
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-scent -faces |
men prefer womens ______ and _________ during ovulation |
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-masculine faces -risky looking males |
women are more likely to find ____ and _____ more attractive during ovulation |
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tesosterone (androgens) |
-women and men both have activated sexual behavior by which hormone? |
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adrenals 25%, ovaries 25%, peripheral conversion from adrostenedione 50% |
sources do androgens in females |
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ovarian hormones |
______hormones do not control women's sexual activity, but may influence sexual interest |
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-treatment with low doses of androgens can increase libido in postmenopausal women -both testosterone and estradiol levels in females are positively correlated with self-reported orgasms |
-experimental evidence for androgens influencing human sexual activity |
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-T slightly increased by intercourse and cuddling -average change in T bigger if orgasm acheived -thinking sexy thoughts increases T |
evidence for androgen changes in females in sexual behavior |
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DRD4 |
having a _______ receptor polymorphism associated with having more sexual desire also associated with more partners, more one-night stands, more cheating -also linked with risky behavior, drug taking etc |
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viagra |
currently available for low libido, can help with dysfunction related to SSRI use, increased blood flow, does little for the motivational component |
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5HT1A receptor agonist (increases DA activity) and 5HT2A receptor antagonist (prevents inhibition of sexual desire)
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what was the targets for the first drug specifically for low libido just rejected by FDA |
