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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Availability vs. Accessibility |
Both theories of forgetting. Means that memory itself (the node) has disappeared from long-term memory. States that the memory is still in LTM, but the retrieval cues to the memory have been weakened. |
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Proactive Interference |
When an old memory interferes w/ remembering a new memory. Forgetting new information |
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Retroactive Interference |
When new memory interferes w/ remembering old memory. Forgetting old information |
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Node Weakening Account (retrieval induced forgetting) |
Found that recalling information (ex: fruit, orange) can lead to the forgetting of related info. (fruit, apple). This theory states that related memories are inhibited from being recalled. The account states the inhibition acts to weaken the node (lower its baseline level of activation) of the inhibited info. |
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Association weakening account of retrieval induced forgetting |
The account states inhibition acts to weaken the association inhibited information (Ex: imagine a little mound of land in the middle of a lake with no bridge to it) |
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The account of retrieval induced forgetting is supported & results |
The node weakening account of retrieval induced forgetting is supported. If assessing the inhibited info. through other retrieval cues, it is still difficult to retrieve the information. The shouldn't happen if inhibition only weakened specific associations |
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Areas of the brain involved with directed forgetting of emotional stimuli, how? |
Pre-frontal regions-overriding automatic responses (inhibition); effortful retrieval of memories. Primary visual cortex (suppressing sensory aspects of memory), hippocampus (suppressing memory), amygdala (suppressing emotional content of memory |
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Strong vs. Weak forms of Whorfian hypothesis (linguistic determinism v. relatively) |
Argues that language determines your reality (Ex: if you don't have a word for the color blue, you will not be able to perceive blue). Argues that language shapes the way that you think (ex: we can all think time in terms of up/down or right-left, or east-west, but which direction you tend to use depends on how your native language conceptualizes time) |
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Homesign & supports theory of language acquisition |
Gestural language that naturally develops in deaf children who have not been exposed to ASL. Although specific gestures may be unique to each child, there is a similarity between homesign and spoken languages (e.g., each contains nouns, verbs) and similar developmental trajectory (e.g., children often speak one word, then two words, etc.; homesign might start with one gesture, then two...) |
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Fast mapping |
the rapid learning of new information after a limited exposure (single presentation). It usually occurs when one learns the meaning of the word through comparison (chromium tray, blue tray) and is thought to underlie children's acquisiton of word meanings. |
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Age groups able to fast map |
Primarily children, but there's some evidence that (younger) adults can also fast map. |
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memory for words learned via fast mapping vs. word learned through other mechanisms |
Words learned through fast mapping are better remembered than those learned through other mechanisms; recall may be as high as 100% 1 week or 1 month after intial learning. Normally, information is rapidly forgotten after intial learning as show through the forgetting curve (most information rapdily forgotten over 3-4 years). |
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150-200 signs |
How many words can primates (e.g., Washoe) learn to produce? |
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Components of executive function that are improved through bilingualism, |
Inhibition- suppressing one language while speaking the other. Shifting- switching between languages (e.g., when translating). |
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Bilingualism impacts vocabulary size |
Bilingualism appears to reduce the size of long-term memory. For example, when testing bilinguals over the meanings of different words, they appear to know fewer meanings. However, this disadvantage is probably due to the fact that bilinguals often have to learn two different words for each meaning (e.g., dog and perros for an English-Spanish bilingual). |
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Embodied cognition |
The idea that the body (e.g., movement, the five senses) impacts "higher order" cognition (social perception, altruism, language). |
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Exaptation |
Taking a function, or mental process and using it for another purpose. Examples include: the sense of touch, which allows us to feel heat, and using it to determine whether someone is nice or not; using the ability to move our arms (gesture) to create languages that allow us to communicate with others. |
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Areas of the brain process physical pain and social rejection |
Anterior cingulate cortex, insula. |
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Mirror neurons |
A class of neurons that become active both when acting and observing. |
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When are mirror neurons active? |
When performing an action, or viewing someone else performing the same action. |
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When are mirror neurons less active/inactive? |
1. When viewing just a subject (e.g., a person). 2. When viewing just an object (e.g., a teacup). 3. When no movement is present. 4. When the intention of the movement is unclear. |
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Theory of mind |
The ability to understand the beliefs and desires of others (i.e., mind reading). |
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Human language is most likely built off of which behavior in monkeys? |
Human language is most likely built off of the ability to gesture in primates. |
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Mental images represented according to the analog hypothesis |
According to the analog hypothesis, mental images are represented as "pictures in the brain"; the images that we create during imagery are similar to what we perceive when viewing an object. |
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Mental images represented according to the propositional hypothesis |
According to the propositional hypothesis, mental images are represented as words (we aren't really "seeing" pictures in our minds during mental imagery) |
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Reaction time & greater rotation (its required?) (Mental rotation studies) |
In mental rotation studies, as greater rotation is required, reaction time increases. This finding supports the analog hypothesis (mental images are like actual perception; mental images have spatial properties) |
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Reaction time & greater distance (traversed?) (mental map) |
In mental map studies, when imagining traversing distances, reaction time increases. This finding suports the analog hypothesis (mental images are like actual perception; mental images have spatial properties). |
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Comparing actual perception to imagery & active brain areas |
Frontal, parietal, and temporal areas are almost identical in terms of activity when perceiving an object and imagining the same object. However, the occipital lobe (visual cortex) is more active when perceiving an object than when imagining the object. |
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No |
Do neuroscientific studies support the idea that imagery and perception are identical? |
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Synesthesia |
A condition in which stimulation in one sense triggers a simultaneous and involuntary experience in another sense. |
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Sensory modality is most likely evoked during a synesthetic experience |
Vision is most likely evoked during a synesthetic experience (especially colors). |
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Visual imagery related to repressed memories |
Imagined traumatic events might be confused with repressed memories; guided imagery and imagining what abuse might have happened are two techniques that have been used by less capable therapists |
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Source memory related to repressed memories |
Source memory is memory for where information came from (e.g., from a book, from experience, from the news, from someone else telling you). If imagery is used to imagine the events surrounding a repressed memory (or if one reads about related events in the news or hears about it from another person), then it may become confused with a repressed memory because the source has been forgotten. |
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Schemata related to repressed memories |
Schemata for traumatic events (e.g., witnessing a murder, a UFO abduction) may provide the structure (and possibly the details) of the repressed memory. |
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Confidence in emotional memories related to repressed memories |
Studies of flashbulb memories (usually emotional or traumatic) show that people are very confident in those memories, which are often detailed and vivid but not always accurate. To the extent that a repressed memory is emotional, the repressed memory maybe vivid and detailed but inaccurate, but people will have high confidence in the repressed memory. |
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Synesthetes differentiated from non-synesthetes experimentally |
Synesthetes have consistent experiences over time (e.g., the number seven might evoke the color green), whereas non-synesthetes do not. Thus, the primary test involves longitudinal testing (e.g., asking what color is seen when presented with the number 7, then asking the same thing a year later). |
