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65 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Energy |
The capacity to cause change or do work |
To do |
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Kinetic energy |
Energy of motion |
Moving |
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Potential energy |
Stored energy |
Storage |
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Heat |
Type of kinetic energy contained in random motion of atoms and molecules |
Friction between body and surroundings |
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Chemical energy |
Arrangement of atoms that release energy through chemical reaction |
Carbohydrates, fats, and gasoline |
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Mechanical energy |
Sum of kinetic and potential energy |
Demolition machine with wrecking ball raised vertically. |
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Solar energy |
Energy drawn from the sun |
Solar |
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How important is solar energy? |
All life on Earth depends on it. |
Sun is very important to all organic matter |
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1st law of Thermodynamics |
Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created/destroyed Only converted from one form to another |
Where does energy go? |
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2nd law of Thermodynamics |
Usable energy is lost when converted from one form to another: Lost as heat |
Entropy: measure of disorder |
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Structure of ATP |
Adenosine Triphosphate is a Nucleotide with 3 phosphates that becomes ADP when a phosphate is removed. |
What is ATP? What transformations does it undergo? |
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Function of ATP |
It's the energy currency of cells Energy stored in the third phosphate Bond |
What does ATP do for cells? Where is the energy stored in ATP? |
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Structure of Enzymes |
Enzymes are proteins. Their shape makes them substrate specific, so each enzyme works with one substrate. |
What are enzymes? How many substrates do they work with? |
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Function of Enzymes |
Enzymes are required for chemical reactions and ALL the chemical reactions in the cell. |
Metabolism |
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Factors affecting Enzyme function |
High temperature and changes in ph denature enzymes Inhibition causes inhibitors to block active sites or change enzyme shapes |
Temp, pH, and Inhibition |
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Plasma Membrane |
Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that controls movement of materials into and out of the cell |
What is it made of and how many layers are there? What does it do for the cell? |
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What are primary membrane functions? |
Enzymatic activity, cell signaling, attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular Matrix, transport, intercellular joining, and cell-cell recognition |
What do enzymes do? Do they send messages? Maintain shape? Move items? Join cells? Identify to other cells? |
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What is enzymatic activity? |
It's what occurs when enzymes have an active site that fits a substrate. |
Basic reaction |
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What is cell signaling? |
When a binding site fits the shape of a messenger, the messenger can cause a change in the protein that relays the message to the inside of the cell. |
Message |
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Why do proteins attached to the cytoskeleton and extracellular Matrix? |
Does proteins help maintain cell shape and coordinate changes. |
Backbone proteins |
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What does a transport protein do? |
It provides a channel that a chemical substance can pass through. |
Canal |
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What is intercellular joining? |
It's when proteins link adjacent cells |
Link up |
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What is cell-cell recognition? |
When proteins with chains of sugars service identification tags for other cells |
ID |
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What is selective permeability? |
Selective permeability refers to cell membranes that only allows certain molecules to cross into and out of the cell |
Membranes have it |
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Concentration gradient |
Refers to the point in passive transport where a substance diffuses from where it is more concentrated to where it is less concentrated |
Natural flow |
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Active Transport |
Movement from low to high concentration that requires ATP |
Pumps, Exocytosis, Endocytosis |
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What are the different types of Passive transport? |
Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, and Osmosis |
Spread |
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What is diffusion? |
Movement from high to low concentration |
Concentration Gradient |
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What is Facilitated Diffusion? |
Diffusion involving membrane proteins |
Involves more than regular diffusion |
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What is osmosis? |
The diffusion of water |
Permeating liquid |
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What is a solute? |
A substance dissolved in water |
Dissolved in solvent |
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What is a solute? |
A substance dissolved in water |
Dissolved in solvent |
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What is an isotonic solution? |
Solutions where solute concentrations are equal on both sides of the membrane |
Equal |
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What are hypotonic Solutions? |
When a solution has a lower solute concentration |
More water |
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What is a hypertonic solution? |
When a solution has a higher solute concentration |
Less water |
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What does the pump do in active transport? |
The pump is a transport protein that pumps solute against the concentration gradient |
Takes ATP |
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What is exocytosis? |
Exocytosis is a process during the protein production of a cell where the secretory proteins are released from a transport vesicle after it fuses with the plasma membrane; this results in a release of the secretory proteins. |
Release |
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What is endocytosis? |
It is when a cell takes material in through vesicles that bud in inward |
Consumption |
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What is the typical energy flow in the ecosystem? |
Autotroph to heterotroph to decomposer |
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What is an autotroph? |
Autotrophs are the producers that carry out photosynthesis and converts solar energy to chemical energy |
Production |
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What is a heterotroph? |
Heterotrophs are called consumers, consume organic compounds and use chemical energy |
What do they eat? What type of energy do they use? |
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What is chemical cycling? |
Chemical cycling encompasses cellular respiration and photosynthesis |
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What is cellular respiration? |
Cellular respiration is a process where energy in glucose is converted to ATP |
Sugar energy |
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What are the phases of cellular respiration? |
Aerobic cellular respiration, Glycolysis, Preparatory reaction, Citric acid cycle, and Electron transport chain |
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What are the phases of cellular respiration? |
Aerobic cellular respiration, Glycolysis, Preparatory reaction, Citric acid cycle, and Electron transport chain |
5 of them |
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What is Glycolysis? |
Glycolysis is an anaerobic process that takes place in the cytoplasm which produces 2 ATP, 2NADH, and 2 Pyruvate, and is achieved through the splitting of sugar. |
Glucose chop |
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What is Preparatory reaction? |
The process between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, in the mitochondria, where pyruvic acid is converted into Acetyl CoA, producing Acetyl CoA , 2 NADH, and 2 CO2. |
Every Pyruvic Acid undergoes process |
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What is the citric acid cycle? |
Process in the mitochondria where Acetyl CoA is broken down; it produces 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2 |
Cycle occurs twice |
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What is the electron transport chain? |
A process in the mitochondria where electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed to a series of electron acceptors, and the movement of electrons turns into ATP. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor, and NAD and FAD are recycled. |
NADH & FADH2 are like batteries |
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How much ATP does aerobic cellular respiration yield from one glucose? |
36 - 38 ATP 2 from Glycolysis 2 from citric acid cycle 32 from Electron Transport Chain |
Over 20 |
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What is anaerobic cellular respiration? |
A process that does not require oxygen which goes through two steps of glycolysis and fermentation |
End product varied |
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What is NAD+? |
A molecule formed from niacin that also forms NADH during electron transfers from fuel molecules. |
What does the H represent? |
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What is FAD? |
A molecule involved in enzymatic reactions that's used to store electrons as FADH. |
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What is FAD? |
A molecule involved in enzymatic reactions that's used to store electrons as FADH. |
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What do NAD and FAD do? |
They are electron acceptors that move hydrogens from an organic molecule to their molecule, and pass the hydrogens to the electron transport chain to turn them to ATP. |
Hydrogen |
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What is fermentation? |
Fermentation is a process that occurs during anaerobic cellular respiration and helps to sustain many microorganisms through the two ATP it produces per glucose |
Soy sauce, yogurt, olives |
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Why is oxygen important to the aerobic cellular respiration cycle? |
Oxygen is needed for most of the functions during aerobic cellular respiration to take place |
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What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration? |
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 ------> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + approx. 32 ATP |
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What is the basic process of photosynthesis? |
Photosynthesis is the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy and occurs in two steps which are the light reactions and the Calvin cycle |
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What are the structures involved in photosynthesis? |
Chloroplast, stomata, stroma, thylakoids, Grana, photosystem, and chlorophyll |
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What is the structure of a chloroplast? |
The chloroplast is a double membrane organelle filled with stroma suspending membranous thylakoid sacs in concentrated Stacks called Grana, and it gets its color from chlorophyll. |
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What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis? |
6 CO2 + 6 H2O ---> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 |
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What is the Calvin Cycle? |
The Calvin cycle is a process that takes CO2 from the air, and ATP and nadph from the light reactions. The three stages are CO2 fixation CO2 reduction and rubp regeneration, and the end product is glucose. |
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What occurs during light reactions? |
Electrons charge by the sunlight and water are passed from one photosystem to the next and used to produce ATP and nadph. |
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What is the electromagnetic spectrum and how does it relate to photosynthesis? |
In the electromagnetic spectrum is the full radiation scale in all length and forms of wavelengths and photosynthesis is driven by the blue violet and orange red portions of the electromagnetic Spectrum |
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