Exam 2 Psy

Front 1

consciousness

Back 1

one's subjective experience of the world, resulting from brain activity

Front 2

Donald Broadbent

Back 2

developed filter theory to explain selective nature of attention. Attention is a limited resource

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change blindness

Back 3

failure to notice large changes in one's environment

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subliminal perception

Back 4

processing of info by sensory systems without conscious awareness

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John Bargh

Back 5

test of verbal reasoning. two groups reacted differently after study was over.

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sedatives/CNS depressants

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benzodiazepines/anxiolytics reduce anxiety. "z drugs" promote sleep. alcohol. drugs activate parasympathetic nervous system which makes user feel relaxed, at ease, and slowed. operates on GABA

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opioids/opiates

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heroin/morphine/oxycodone/hydrocodone. analgesic effect- relieves pain. operates on endorphins

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marijuana

Back 8

THC. socially relaxed, anxiety, paranoia, treats pain & epilepsy. acts on cannabinoid receptors in hippocampus & brain stem

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psychedelics/hallucinogens

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LSD/psilocybin. distortions in perception & hallucinations. acts on serotonin

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ecstacy/pcp

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MDMA. enhance feeling on intimacy &anxiety, expansion on consciousness. acts on serotonin & dopamine. PCP = glutamate

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stimulant

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caffeine/nicotine/cocaine/amphetamine/meth-treats adhd. activates sympathetic nervous system. alert, active, aroused. operates on dopamine released in nucleus accumbens

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sensation

Back 12

raw info from our environment that reaches our sense organs

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perception

Back 13

subjective, first hand experience of sensation

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transduction

Back 14

converting raw info into a form the brain can process

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broca's

Back 15

production of speech only in left hemisphere

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corpus callosum

Back 16

shares info between hemispheres

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global workspace model(Dehaene)

Back 17

consciousness is brain wide sharing of info. no single area is responsible for consciousness

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sleep

Back 18

info about light detected by eyes sent to hypothalamus, which in turn sends signals to pineal gland

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pineal gland

Back 19

secretes melatonin- a hormone that travels through bloodstream and regulates internal clock

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circadian rhythms

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biological patterns that occur at regular intervals as a function of time of day

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REM sleep

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stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, dreaming & paralysis of motor systems

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activation-synthesis theory (Hobson & McCarley)

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during REM sleep, random neural activity in pons. limbic system respond causing intense emotional content of dream. areas of cerebral cortex attempt to make sense of activity and frontal lobes don't question content.

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mindfulness (Kabat-Zinn)

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paying attention in a particular way, on purpose in the present moment with no judgement

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meditation

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formal technique for fostering mindfulness

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insomnia

Back 25

inability to sleep

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sleep apnea

Back 26

a person while asleep stops breathing because throat closes causing frequent awakenings during the night

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narcolepsy

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people experience excessive sleepiness during normal waking hours, sometimes going limp and collapsing

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hypnosis

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social interaction during which a person, responding to suggestions experiences changes in memory, perception and voluntary action

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signal detection theory

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theory of perception based on idea that detection of a stimulus requires a judgment. it is not an all or nothing process

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sensory adaption

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decrease in sensitivity to a constant level of stimulation

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learning

Back 31

relatively enduring change in behavior resulting from experience

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non associative learning

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responding after repeated exposure to a single stimulus or event

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associative learning

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linking two stimuli or events that occur together

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observational learning

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acquiring or changing a behavior after exposure to another individual performing that behavior

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habituation

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decrease in behavioral response after repeated exposure to a stimulus

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sensitization

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increase in behavioral response after exposure to a stimulus

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classical conditioning (Pavlov & Watson)

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associative learning in which neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response when it is associated with a stimulus that already produces that response

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unconditioned response

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response that doesn't have to be learned, such as a reflex

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unconditioned stimulus

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stimulus that elicits a response, such as a reflex without any prior learning

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conditioned stimulus

Back 40

stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken place

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conditioned response

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response to a conditioned stimulus, response that has been learned

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acquisition

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gradual formation of an association between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli

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operant conditioning (Thorndike & Skinner)

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learning response in which consequences of an action determine the likelihood that it will be performed in the future

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positive reinforcement

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something is added which causes behavior to go up

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negative reinforcement

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something is taken away which causes behavior to go up

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positive punishment

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something is taken away which causes behavior to go up

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negative punishment

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something is taken away which causes behavior to go down

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shaping

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operant conditioning technique that involves reinforcing and punishing behaviors that are increasingly similar to desired behavior

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continuous reinforcement

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behavior is reinforced each time it occurs

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partial reinforcement

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behavior is reinforced intermittently

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vicarious learning

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learning consequences of an action by watching others being rewarded or punished for performing the action

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modeling

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imitation of observed behavior

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information processing model

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compares working of memory to actions of a computer

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memory

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nervous systems capacity to retain and retrieve skills and knowledge

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encoding

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processing of info so that it can be stored (entered with a keyboard)

Front 56

storage

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retention of encoded representations over time (stored on hard drive)

Front 57

retrieval

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act of recalling or remembering stored info when it is needed

Front 58

Atkinson & Shiffrin's model

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three memory systems that differ in capacity and duration. sensory, working, and long term.

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sensory memory

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memory system that very briefly stores sensory info and leaves a noising trace on nervous system for fraction of a second

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iconic memory

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visual sensory memory

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echoic memory

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auditory sensory memory

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working memory

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active processing system that keeps different types of info available for current use. remains for 20-30 seconds

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chunking

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organizing info into meaningful units to make it easier to remember

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memory span

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amount of info held in working memory

Front 65

long term memory

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relatively permanent storage of info, virtually unlimited

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explicit memory (declarative)

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requires conscious effort and often can be verbally described

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episodic memory

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personally experienced events

Front 68

semantic memory

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facts and knowledge

Front 69

implicit memory (non declarative)

Back 69

doesn't require conscious effort and often cannot be verbally described

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procedural memory

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memory of motor skills and behavioral habits

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serial position effect

Back 71

ability to recall items from a list depends on the order of presentation

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primacy effect

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better memory for items at the beginning of a list (long term memory)

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recency effect

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better memory for items at end of a list (working memory)

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retrieval cue

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anything that helps a person recall info stored in long-term memory

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context-dependent

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when recall situation is similar to encoding situation

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state-dependent

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when a persons internal states match during encoding and recall

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reconsolidation

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when memories are recalled and stored again for retrieval

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Collins & Loftus's model of association networks

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each unit of info about an item is a single node in network; closer the nodes, closer the association between them & therefore more likely activating one node will activate another

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Donald Hebb

Back 79

said memory results from physical changes in connections between neurons; when one neuron stimulates another, connection strengthens

Front 80

long term potentiation

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strengthening of a synaptic connection, making postsynaptic neurons more easily activated by presynaptic neurons

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hippocampus

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formation of new memories

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amygdala

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fear learning

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prefrontal cortex

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working memory

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temporal lobe

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declarative memory

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cerebellum

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morot memory

Front 86

thinking

Back 86

mental manipulation of representations of knowledge about the world

Front 87

analogical representations

Back 87

mental representation that have some of the physical characteristics of objects; they are analogous to the objects

Front 88

symbolic representations

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abstract mental representations that do not correspond to physical features of objects or ideas

Front 89

concept

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a category of related items; mental representations of items. reduces amount of info stored

Front 90

prototype model

Back 90

theres a prototype (best example) for each category and you can categorize new objects based on how similar they are to prototype

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exemplar model

Back 91

no single best representation, instead many examples and you categorize objects based on examples you already encountered

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script

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mental representation of sequence of expected behaviors for a given situation

Front 93

normative decision theories

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attempts to define how people SHOULD make decisions

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expected utility theory

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consider possible alternatives and choose most desirable one

Front 95

descriptive decision theories

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attempts to predict how people actually make choices, not define ideal choices

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heuristics

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shortcuts used to reduce amount of thinking that is needed to make decisions

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relative comparisons

Back 97

context or framing of choices influence decision making (80% off $100 sunglasses or $20 sunglasses)

Front 98

availability heuristic

Back 98

what comes easily to mind influences your decision (what do you regularly eat for dinner-pizza)

Front 99

affective heuristic

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decision making is influenced by our feelings or our experiences of how we will feel in the future

Front 100

representativeness heuristic

Back 100

decision making is influenced by how similar a person/object is to our prototype

Front 101

morphemes

Back 101

smallest language units that have meaning, including suffixes and prefixes

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phonemes

Back 102

basic sounds of speech, building blocks of language

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semantics

Back 103

meaning of language units

Front 104

aphasia

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language disorder that results in deficits in language comprehension or production

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Wernicke's aphasia

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language disorder that results in deficits in language comprehension

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Broca's aphasia

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language disorder that results in deficits in language production

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global aphasia

Back 107

language disorder that results in deficits in language production & comprehension

Front 108

linguistic relativity theory

Back 108

language influences how people think or determines thought

Front 109

Noam Chomsky

Back 109

says humans have inborn capacity for language that relies on universal elements & relationships

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surface structure

Back 110

sound and order of words

Front 111

deep structure

Back 111

abstract, implicit meaning of language

Front 112

intelligence

Back 112

ability to use knowledge to reason, make decisions, make sense of events, solve problems, etc.

Front 113

Stanfod-Binet scale

Back 113

psychometric approach to assessing intelligence in children

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Wechsler scale

Back 114

psychometric approach to assessing intelligence in adults

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intelligence quotient

Back 115

quantitative index of overall intelligence (mean is 100, standard dev 15). product of complex interplay between genes and environment

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general intelligence

Back 116

(g) idea that one general factor underlies intelligence. Charles Spearman