Exam 2

Front 1

Body Temperature Regulation

Back 1

• Sweat for evaporative cooling

• Construction of dermal capillaries to prevent heat loss

Front 2

Protection

Back 2

• Chemical Barriers- skin secretions fight bacteria - melanin protects against UV rays

• Physical/Mechanical Barriers- Keratin and glucolipids block most water/water soluble substances. Limited penetration of skin by lipid - soluble substances

• Biological Barriers- dendritic cells and macrophages

Front 3

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Back 3

Second Most Common

• involves keratinocytes of stratum spinosum

• most common on scalp, ears, lower lips and hands

• good prognosis if treated by radiation

Front 4

Melanoma

Back 4

Most Dangerous

• Characteristics (ABCDE rule)

A. Asymmetry B. Border C. Color D. Diameter E. Evolving

• involves melanocytes

• highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy

• treated by wide surgical excision accompanied by immunotherapy

Front 5

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Back 5

Least Malignant, Most Common

• stratum basal cells proliferate and slowly invade dermis and hypodermis

• cured by surgical excision in 99% of cases

Front 6

Melanin

Back 6

• yellow to reddish - brown to black, responsible for dark skin colors

Front 7

Carotene

Back 7

• yellow to orange, most obvious in the palms and soles

Front 8

First Degree

Back 8

• Epidermal damage only

• Localized redness, edema (swelling) and pain

Front 9

Second Degree

Back 9

• Epidermal and upper dermal damage

• Blisters appear

Front 10

Third Degree

Back 10

• Entire thickness of skin damaged

• Gray-white, cherry red or black

• No swelling or pain

• Skin grafting usually necessary

Front 11

Metabolic Functions

Back 11

• synthesis of vitamin D

Front 12

Hypodermis

Back 12

• deepest region

Front 13

Epidermis

Back 13

• superficial region

Front 14

Osteoporosis

Back 14

• Loss of bone mass- bone resorption outpaces deposit

• Spongy bone of spine and neck of femur become most susceptible to fracture

Front 15

Spongy Bone

Back 15

• Trabeculae - aline along lines of stress. No osteons, contain irregularly lamellae, osteocytes and canaliculi

• Capillaries in endosteum supply nutrients

Front 16

Compact Bone

Back 16

• Osteon (Haversian System)- structural unit

• Lamellae- weight bearing, column like matrix tubes

• Central (Haversian) Canal- contains blood vessels and nerves

• Perforating (Volkmann's) Canals- at right angles to the central canal. Connects blood vessels/nerves of periosteum and central canal

• Lacunae- small vacatics that contain osteocytes

• Canaliculi- hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal

Front 17

Physical Stress

Back 17

• stimulates bone growth

Front 18

Fontanelles

Back 18

• "soft spots" of infant's skull fibrous membranes between cranial bones

• "molding" allows easier passage through birth canal closed by end of second year

Front 19

Bone Deposit

Back 19

• requires vitamin A, C, D and several minerals

Front 20

Sex Hormones

Back 20

• promote bone formation

• stimulate ossification of epiphyseal plates

Front 21

Gomphosis

Back 21

• "peg in socked" fibrous joint

• periodontal ligament holds tooth in socket

• immovable

Front 22

Deficiency of Thyroid Hormone

Back 22

• delays growth

Front 23

Epiphyses

Back 23

• Expanded ends of bone

• Spongy bone interior

• Epiphyseal line (remnant of growth plate)

• Articular (hyaline) cartilage on joint surfaces

Front 24

Excretion

Back 24

• salt and nitrogenous wastes in sweat

Front 25

Diaphysis

Back 25

• shaft

Front 26

Blood Resevoir

Back 26

• up to 5% of body's blood volume

Front 27

Dermis

Back 27

• middle region

Front 28

Cutaneous Sensations

Back 28

• Pain, pressure and temperature

Front 29

Burns (causes, results, threats)

Back 29

• Causes- heat, electricity, radiation, certain chemicals

• Results- tissue damage, denatured protein, cell death

• Immediate Threat- dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, leading to renal shut down and circulatory shock

Front 30

Growth Hormone

Back 30

• stimulates epiphyseal plate activity

Front 31

Low & High HGH

Back 31

• Low- dwarfism

• High- gigantism

Front 32

Osteocytes

Back 32

• mature bone cells

Front 33

Osteoblasts

Back 33

• bone forming cells

Front 34

Osteogenic (Osteoprogenitor) Cells

Back 34

• stem cells in periosteum and endosteum that give rise to osteoblasts

Front 35

Periosteum

Back 35

• outer fibrous layer

Front 36

Osteoclasts

Back 36

• cells that break down (resorb) bone matrix

Front 37

Angular Movements (Frontal Plane)

Back 37

Movements that occur along the frontal plane

• Abduction- movement away from midline

• Adduction- movement toward the midline

• Circumduction- flexion and abduction + extension + adduction of a limb

Front 38

Angular Movements (Sagittal Plane)

Back 38

Movements that occur along the sagittal plane

• Flexion- decreases angle of joint

• Extension- increases angle of joint

• Hyperextension- excessive extension beyond normal range of motion

Front 39

Gliding

Back 39

• one bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface

Front 40

Symphyses

Back 40

Bones united by fibrocartilage

• spine disc

• pubic symphsic

• moveable

Front 41

Synchordroses

Back 41

Bones united by hyaline cartilage

• epiphyseal plate

• sternum (manubrium)

• joint between first rib and sternum

• immovable

Front 42

Suture

Back 42

• Joint held together with very short, interconnecting fibers and bone edges interlock

• Found only in skull

• Immovable

Front 43

Syndesmosis

Back 43

• Joint held together by a ligament

• Vary in length; longer than sutures

• On end of tibia

• Immovable

Front 44

Rotation

Back 44

The turning of a bone around its own long axis

• between C1 and C2 vertebrae

• rotation of humerus and femur

• rotation of the head, neck and lower limb

Front 45

Pivot Joints

Back 45

• rounded end of one bone conforms to a "sleeve," or ring of another bone

• uniaxial movement only

• (proximal radioulnar joint)

Front 46

Condyloid (Ellipsoidal) Joints

Back 46

• biaxial joints

• both articular surfaces are oval

• permit all angular movements

• (metacarpophangeal joint)

Front 47

Special Movements *radius around ulna*

Back 47

Movements of radius around ulna

• Supination- turning hand backwards; radius and ulna are parallel

• Pronation- turning hand forward; radius rotates over ulna

Front 48

Special Movements *movement of the foot*

Back 48

• Dorsiflexion- upward movement

• Plantar Flexion- downward movement

• Inversion- turn sole medially

• Eversion- turn sole laterally

Front 49

Special Movements *transverse plane*

Back 49

• Protraction- anterior movement

• Retraction- posterior movement

• Elevation- lifting a body part superiorly

• Depression- moving a body part inferiorly

Front 50

Plane Joints

Back 50

• nonaxial joints

• flat articular surfaces

• short gliding movement

• (intercarpal joint)

Front 51

Special Movements *opposition of the thumb*

Back 51

• movement in the saddle joint so that the thumb touches the tips of the other fingers

Front 52

Hinge Joints

Back 52

• uniaxial joints

• motion along a single plane

• flexion and extension only

• (elbow joint)

Front 53

Saddle Joints

Back 53

• biaxial

• allow greater freedom of movement than condyloid joints

• each articular surface has both concave and convex areas

• (carpometacarpal joint of thumb)

Front 54

Ball-and-Socket Joints

Back 54

• multiaxial joints

• most freely moving synovial joints

• (shoulder joint)

Front 55

Knee

Back 55

• 2 Condyloid Joints: between femur and tibia

- flexion and extension

- some rotation of lower leg when knee is flexed

• Plane Joint: between femur and patella

• Several ligaments bind articular surfaces

• Femur and tibia separated by 2 menisa

• Several bursae

Front 56

Hip

Back 56

• Ball-and-Socket: head of femur and acetabulum of vocal bone

• Fibrocartilage ring deepens acetabulum cavity

• Heavy joint capsule reinforced by ligaments

• Variety of movements

Front 57

Elbow

Back 57

Two types of joints

• Hinge Joint: trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna

• Plane Joint: captiulum of humerus and head of radius

- rotation of radius within annular ligament

• Joint capsule is reinforced by collateral ligaments

Front 58

Shoulder

Back 58

• Ball-and-Socket: head of humerus, glenoid cavity of scapula

• Loose cavity, reinforced by surrounding muscles and tendons (rotator cuff)

• Several bursae

• Variety of movements, but easily dislocated

Front 59

Synovial Joints

Back 59

• all are diarthrotic (freely moveable)

• include all limb joints; most joints of the body

Front 60

Articular Cartilage

Back 60

• hyaline cartilage

Front 61

Joint (Synovial) Cavity

Back 61

• small potential space

Front 62

Friction-Reducing Structures

(Tendon Sheath)

Back 62

• elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon

Front 63

Friction-Reducing Structures (Bursae)

Back 63

• flattened, fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes

Front 64

Articular (Joint) Capsule

Back 64

• outer fibrous capsule

• inner synovial membranes

Front 65

Synovial Fluid

Back 65

• viscous slippery filtrate of plasma and hyaluronic acid

• lubricates and nourished articular cartilage

Front 66

Three Possible Types of Reinforcing Ligaments

Back 66

• Capsular (Intrinsic)- part of the fibrous capsule

• Extracapsular- outside the capsule

• Intracapsular- deep to capsule; covered by synovial membrane

Front 67

Rich Nerve and Blood Vessel Supply

Back 67

• Nerve fibers detect pain; monitor joint position and stretch

• Capillary beds produce filtrate for synovial fluid

Front 68

Joints (Articulation & Functions)

Back 68

• Articulation: site where two bones meet

• Functions: give skeleton mobility and holds skeleton together

Front 69

Hemoglobin

Back 69

• responsible for the pinkish hue of skin

Front 70

Cells of Epidermis (Keratinocytes)

Back 70

• produce keratin; the fibrous protein that helps give the epidermis its protective properties

• arise from the deepest part of the epidermis from cell later called the stratum basale

• tightly connected by desmosomes

Front 71

Melanocytes

Back 71

• spider shaped epithelial cells that sythesize the pigament melanin, are found in the deepest layer of the epidermis

Front 72

Dendritic Cells

Back 72

• star shaped dendritic cells arise from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis

• "langerhans" cells

Front 73

Tactile Cells

Back 73

• present at the epidermal-dermal junction

• shaped like a spikey hemisphere, each tactile cell is intimately associated with a disc like sensory nerve ending

Front 74

Stratum Basale (Basal Layer)

Back 74

• deepest epidermal layer is attached to the underlying dermis along a wavy borderline that reminds one of corrugated cardboard

Front 75

Stratum Spinosum (Prickly Layer)

Back 75

• Several cell layers thick

• These cells contain a weblike system of intermediate filaments, mainly tension-resisting bundles of pre-keratin filaments, which span their cytosol to attach to desmosomes

Front 76

Stratum Granulosum (Granular Layer)

Back 76

• consists of 4 to 6 cell layers in which keratinocyte appearance changes drastically and the process of keratinization begins

Front 77

Stratum Lucidum (Clear Layer)

Back 77

• through the light microscope, visible only in thick skin, is a thin translucent band just above the stratum granulosum

• consists of 2 or 3 rows of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes with indistinct boundaries

Front 78

Stratum Corneum (Horny Layer)

Back 78

• an abrupt transition occurs between the nucleated cells of the stratum granulosum and the flattened anucleate cells of the stratum corneum

• outermost epidermal later is a broad zone to 20 to 30 cell layers thick that accounts for up to three-quarters of the epidermis thickness

Front 79

Papillary Layer

Back 79

• is areolar connective tissue in which fine interlacing collagen and elastic fibers form a loosely woven mat that is heavily invested with small blood vessels

• the looseness of this connective tissue allows phagocytes and other defensive cells to wander freely as they patrol the area for bacteria that have breached the skin

Front 80

Reticular Layer

Back 80

• accounting for 80% of the thickness of the dermis, is coarse, irregularly arranged, dense fibrous connective tissue

Front 81

Dermis Cells

Back 81

• fibroblasts, macrophages, and occasional mast cells and white blood cells