Exam 2

Front 1

cell membrane

Back 1

composed of lipid bilayer

cholesterol for fluidity

integral and peripheral proteins

glycocalyx- glycoproteins and glycolipids

Front 2

integral proteins

Back 2

embedded through the cell membrane

channel proteins and receptor proteins

Front 3

peripheral proteins

Back 3

attached to the inner or outer surface of the cell membrane

Front 4

glycocalyx

Back 4

carbohydrate molecules attached to a membrane protein or lipid to aid in cell recognition and cell adhesion

Front 5

membrane transport/ simple diffusion

Back 5

phospholipid bilayer acts as a semipermeable membrane

only lets relatively smalls non-polar materials in such as lipids, O2, CO2, and alcohol

water soluble materials need assistance to cross such as glucose, amino acids, and electrolytes

Front 6

passive transport

Back 6

movement of substances across the membrane without the use of cellular energy (ATP)

Front 7

active transport

Back 7

movement of substances across the membrane using ATP, with the help of protein carriers against substance's gradient

Front 8

Facilitated diffusion (type of passive transport)

Back 8

used for substances that can't cross lipid bilayer due to large size and polarity

protein channels or carriers transfer these substances into the cell to facilitate is inward diffusion

Front 9

channel protein

Back 9

open tube

Front 10

carrier protein

Back 10

used for specific molecules

Front 11

osmosis

Back 11

diffusion of water through semipermeable membrane

either through protein channels or by slipping through the membrane

water will equalize its concentration by diffusing to the side of lower water concentration

Front 12

Isotonic

Back 12

equal water concentration

Front 13

hypertonic

Back 13

lower concentration of water in solvent

higher concentration of solute in solvent

Front 14

hypotonic

Back 14

higher concentration of water in solvent

lower concentration of solute in solvent

Front 15

vesicle transport (form of active transport)

Back 15

endocytosis and exocytosis

Front 16

endocytosis

Back 16

enveloping a substance with a bit of the cell membrane to pull it into the cell

Front 17

phagocytosis (form of endocytosis)

Back 17

white blood cells engulf bacteria, pulling it into the cell in a vesicle that then fuses with lysosome so enzymes can kill the bacteria

Front 18

pinocytosis (form of endocytosis)

Back 18

kidney tubules engulf protein or water molecules from urine

Front 19

receptor mediated endocytosis

Back 19

iron binds to a receptor that activates endocytosis to deliver iron inside the red blood cell

Front 20

exocytosis

Back 20

exports materials from a celll via vesicle transport

Front 21

cytoplasm

Back 21

consists of cytosol (intracellular fluid) and organelles

Front 22

endoplasmic reticulum

Back 22

a system of channels that is continuous with the nuclear membrane, covering the nucleus and composed of a lipid bi layer

Front 23

Rough ER

Back 23

membranes dotted with ribosomes involved in protein synthesis

ribosomes are composed of two rRNA subunits that wrap around mRNA to start the process of protein synthesis

Front 24

smooth ER

Back 24

lacks ribosomes

involved in lipid synthesis

metabolizes carbs

performs detoxification

glycoslyation of proteins

Front 25

golgi apparatus

Back 25

responsible for sorting, modifying, and packaging proteins that come from the rough ER

Front 26

lysosome

Back 26

contains enzymes that break done and digest unneeded organic compounds or organelles

autophagy- process of cell digesting its own structures

autolysis- controlled cell death

Front 27

mitochondria

Back 27

composed of an outer and inner lipid bilayer

inner membrane hold enzymes responsible for aerobic respiration to produce ATP

Front 28

peroxisomes

Back 28

contain enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms to free radicals that would otherwise damage DNA, cell membranes, and cholesterol by oxidation

Front 29

cytoskeleton

Back 29

network of fibrous proteins throughout the cytosol

provides structural support, transports substances within cell, and controls movement of chromosomes during mitosis

microtubules- used for movement

microfilaments- used for structure

intermediate filaments- used for structure

Front 30

nucleus

Back 30

houses DNA as chromatin when not in use

nucleolus is where DNA actively transcribes RNA

nuclear envelope consists of a double lipid bilayer connecting to the endomembrane system and has poors for exchange of materials

Front 31

DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Back 31

constitutes genes in chromosomes

genes are millions of nucleotides in a specific sequence

genes act as a molecular code instructing cells in the assembly of amino acids into proteins

DNA transfers hereditary information from cell to cell and generation to generation through mitosis and meiosis

DNA strands are wrapped around histones to create nucleosomes

nucleosomes coil into chromatin when DNA isn't in use

chromatin unwinds to expose DNA for transcription of RNA

Front 32

chromosome structure

Back 32

each chromosome is composed of two identical strands of DNA called sister chromatids

sister chromatids are connected by a centomere

centromere develops a kinetochore to attach to the spindle apparatus during mitosis

Front 33

DNA replication

Back 33

chromosomes and chromatin unwind before replication can begin

double strand of DNA is separated by enzyme helicase

DNA polymerase pulls in matching nucleotides

results in two double stranded DNA

Front 34

Protein synthesis- Transcription

Back 34

In nucleus transcription occurs

1. RNA polymerase unzips DNA and pulls in matching nucleotides

a-u t-a g-c c-g

2. mRNA is released from nucleus through nuclear pores, carrying the genetic instruction of DNA to a ribosome

Front 35

Protein synthesis- Translation

Back 35

In rough ER translation occurs

1. mRNA fits into a ribosomal slot (a slot between two rRNA subunits)

2. tRNA matches its anticodon to mRNA's codon which pulls in an amino acid

3. tRNA continues to pull in amino acids, when two amino acids are next to each other rRNA creates a peptide bond

4. process continues until a mRNA stop codon instructs the process to stop and the protein is released

Front 36

Cell Cycle- Interphase

Back 36

G0- cells have temporarily or permanently stopped dividing

G1-cell grows and carries out normal metabolic functions

S- DNA and centrioles replicate

G2- cell continues to grow and carry out metabolic functions and number of organelles double

Front 37

Cell Cycle- Mitosis- Prophase

Back 37

DNA condenses into chromatin

spindle apparatus appears

nuclear envelop breaks down

centrioles with microtubules attach to kinetochores on each side of sister chromatid

Front 38

Cell Cycle- Mitosis- Metaphase

Back 38

the spindle aparatus moves the sister chromatids to line up at the metaphase plate

Front 39

Cell Cylce- Mitosis- Anaphase

Back 39

spindle apparatus pulls sister chromatids apart

sister chromatids become chromosomes and are pulled to opposite poles of the cell

Front 40

Cell Cycle- Mitosis- Telophase

Back 40

chromosomes have reached opposite poles

nuclear membrane reforms

spindle apparatus disappears

Front 41

Cell Cycle- After Mitosis- Cytokinesis

Back 41

cell membrane creates cleavage furrow and pinches cell into two cells

Front 42

Epithelial tissue

Back 42

coverings, linings and glands

found in the lining of the GI tract and other hollow organs

Front 43

nervous tissue

Back 43

excitable, communication

nerves, brain, spinal cord

Front 44

Epithelial membranes

Back 44

mucus membranes, serous membranes, cutaneous membranes

Front 45

mucus membrane

Back 45

lining of respiratory, digestive, and urinary tracts

Front 46

serous membrane

Back 46

lining of body cavities

Front 47

cutaneous membrane

Back 47

epidermis of skin

Front 48

connective membrane- synovial membrane

Back 48

lining joint cavities

Front 49

embryonic layers

Back 49

ectoderm- outer layer

mesoderm- middle layer

endoderm- inner layer

Front 50

epithelial characteristics

Back 50

1. cellular

2. have specialized intracellular connections called cell junctions

3. cells are attached to basement membrane

4. exhibit polarity due to differences in surface structures

5. avascular- no blood vessels cross basement membrane

6. rapid regeneration

Front 51

tight junctions

Back 51

transmembrane proteins encircle the cell to seal off water molecules from going between cells

Front 52

anchoring junctions

Back 52

interlocking transmembrane cadherins are embedded in plaque and anchored by intermediate filaments or actin filaments

Front 53

gap junctions

Back 53

intracellular tunnel connecting cardiac muscle cells for the passage of sodium ions to allow electrical coupling for cells

Front 54

simple squamous epithelium

Back 54

found- air sacs of lungs and lining of the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels

function- allows materials to pass through by diffusion and filtration, secretes lubricating substance

Front 55

simple cuboidal epithelium

Back 55

found- ducts and secretory portions of small glands and kidney tubules

function- secretes and absorbs

Front 56

simple columnar epithelium

Back 56

found- ciliated- bronchi, uterine tubes, uterus

smooth- digestive tract, bladder

kidney tubules

function- absorbs, secretes mucus and enzymes

Front 57

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Back 57

found- lines the trachea and much of upper respiratory tract

function- secretes mucus, ciliated tissue moves mucus

Front 58

stratified squamous epithelium

Back 58

found- lines the esophagus, mouth, vagina, epidermis of skin

function- protects against abrasion

Front 59

stratified cuboidal epithelium

Back 59

found- sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands

function- protective tissue

Front 60

stratified columnar epithelium

Back 60

found- male urethra and ducts of some glands

function- secretes and protects

Front 61

transitional epithelium

Back 61

found- lines bladder, urethra, ureters

function- allows urinary organs to expand and stretch

Front 62

Exocrine glands

Back 62

product secreted into a duct to be carried to the external environment of the cell

Front 63

endocrine glands

Back 63

hormones secreted into the bloodstream delivered to distant target inside the body

Front 64

merocrine glands

Back 64

product is packaged by golgi apparatus then secreted from the cell by exocytosis into the duct

ex) eccrine sweat glands

Front 65

apocrine glands

Back 65

product is pinched off in a segment of the cell membrane

ex) apocrine sweat glands

Front 66

holocrine glands

Back 66

cell fills with product until it bursts releasing product and cell debris into duct

ex) sebaceous glands

Front 67

connective tissues

Back 67

cells of CT aren't in direct contact with each other but are separated by extracellular material called the matrix

matrix is composed of ground substance and fibers

Front 68

loose CT

Back 68

areolar

reticular

adipose

Front 69

dense CT

Back 69

dense regular

dense irregular

dense elastic

Front 70

Areolar loose CT

Back 70

found in the basement membrane of epithelial tissues

contains all three fiber types- collagen, reticulin, elastin

ground substance- proteoglycans holding water

Front 71

reticular loose CT

Back 71

creates a supportive framework for organs

found in spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow

Front 72

adipose

Back 72

triglyceride storage, shock absorption, thermal insulation

subcutaneous and surrounding organs

Front 73

dense regular CT

Back 73

collagen fibers lined up parallel to give tensile strength to resist pulling and weight bearing in the direction of the fibers

tendons and ligaments

Front 74

dense irregular CT

Back 74

collagen fibers at angles to one another so tensile strength is in all directions

dermis of the skin, shoulder capsule

Front 75

dense elastic CT

Back 75

elastin fibers give the quality of stretch and recoil to the tissue

epiglottis and external ear

Front 76

Cartilaginous CT

Back 76

chondroblasts create matrix and become trapped within the matrix in the holes called lucunae

once in the lucunae they become chondrocytes which are the maintenance workers for the cartilage

ground substance- chondriotin sulfate that binds with proteins to create proteolycans

proteoglycans hold water to resist compression

cartilage is avascular so it doesn't heal well

Front 77

hyaline cartilage

Back 77

ground substance full of proteoglcans

few, scant collagen fibers

ends of long bones (synovial joints), costal cartilage, tip of nose, and embryonic skeleton

Front 78

fibrocartilage

Back 78

less proteoglycans but lots of collagen

intervertbral discs, pubic symphysis, meniscus

Front 79

elastic cartilage

Back 79

elastin fibers for stretch and recoil among the proteoglycans

external ear and epiglottis

Front 80

Osseus connective tissue

Back 80

osteoblasts create matrix then become trapped as osteocytes within the matrix in holes called lucunae

matrix consists of collagen fibers embedded in mineralized ground substance

Front 81

Fluid CT

Back 81

cells circulate in a liquid extracellular matrix

cells for blood: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

matrix plasma

Front 82

compact bone

Back 82

solid due to dense layers called lamellae

Front 83

cancellous bone

Back 83

sponge appearance due to trabeculae

Front 84

skeletal muscle

Back 84

long parallel cylinders filled with myofibrils that create striations

thousands of peripheral nuclei

attached from bone of origin to bone of insertion

around entrance points of body

voluntary nervous system

Front 85

cardiac muscle

Back 85

short, branched cells attached by intercalated discs

striated

single central nucleus

only in walls of heart

involuntary nervous system

Front 86

nervous tissue

Back 86

neuron is excitable, can respond to stimulus at a dentrite and in turn can stimulate another neuron via an axon

neuroglia- support cells for neurons

Front 87

connective

Back 87

binding, protection, support

tendon, bone, fat

Front 88

muscular

Back 88

excitable, communication

brain, spinal cord, nerves