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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Ivan Pavlov |
- Discovered classical conditioning in 1901. - Won Nobel Prize in medicine or Physiology. - Nominated 4 more times.
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Classical Conditioning
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A learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired. |
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Pavlov described classical conditioning, involving: |
1.) Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) 2.) Unconditioned Response (UCR) 3.) Conditioned Stimulus (CS) 4.) Conditioned Response (CR)
UCS= UCR
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Stage 1: Before conditioning- |
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) produces an Unconditioned Response (UCR).
= A stimulus in the environment has produced a behavior/ response which is unlearned (unconditioned) and therefore is a natural response which has not been taught. |
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Neutral Stimulus (NS) |
Has no effect on a person.
Does not produce a response until it is paired with the unconditioned stimulus. |
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Stage 2: During conditioning- |
A stimulus which produces no response (neutral) is associated with the unconditioned stimulus at which point it now becomes the Conditioned Stimulus (CS). |
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Stage 3: After conditioning- |
The Conditioned Stimulus (CS) has been associated with the Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) to create a new Conditioned Response (CR). |
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Pavlov's 5 Major Conditioning Processes: |
1.) Acquisition 2.) Extinction 3.) Spontaneous Recovery 4.) Generalization 5.) Discrimination |
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1.) Acquisition |
The initial learning that takes place.
It is determined by how much time elapses between presenting the Neutral Stimuli (NS) and the Unconditioned Stimuli (UCS). |
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2.) Extinction |
How long it takes to forget or eliminate the Conditioned Response (CR). |
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3.) Spontaneous Recovery |
Happens after the Conditioned Response (CR) reappears after a long period of time.
It proved that Extinction only suppressed the Conditioned Response (CR), not completely eliminated it. |
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4.) Generalization |
Tendency to respond to stimuli that is similar to the Conditioned Stimuli (CS).
Ex: Pavlov's dog would drool upon hearing a buzzer as well as the bell. |
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5.) Discrimination |
The learned ability to differentials between similar stimuli.
Ex: The dog eventually learns to tell the difference between the bell and the buzzer. |
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E.B. Titchener (1867- 1927) |
- Studied under Wundt. - Head of psychology lab at Cornell (1892). - Proponent of "pure" science; No applied science. - Started school of structuralism.
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Structrualism |
E.B. Titchener
Consciousness made up of separate structures.
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Titchener's Theories: |
Differentiated mind and consciousness.
Mind= all mental processes occurring over lifetime.
Consciousness= all mental processes occurring at one time. |
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Functionalism |
James Rowland Angell
Focused on understanding how consciousness enabled an organism to interact with and adapt to it's environment.
Focusing on individual differences. |
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Which two people translated and revised Albert Binet's intelligence test? |
Henry Herbert Goddard and Lewis Terman. |
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Who invented the Coca- Cola, caffeine study? |
Harry Hollingworth |
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Alfred Adler was known for? |
Individual Psychology (life style) A collection of unique qualities about an individual. -Unconscious -Developed in childhood. -Combination of behavioral and personality variables. (Activity level and social interest being the most important.)
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Typology of life styles: |
Getting individual- always taking.
Ruling individual- high activity, no social interest.
Socially useful individual- high activity and social interest. |
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Other topics Adler explored: |
Inferiority complex Power motivation Birth order |
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Carl Jung |
Divided unconscious mind into 2 parts: Personal Unconscious- repressed wishes, experiences, motives of the individual. Collective Unconscious- Cumulative experiences of part generations were embedded deep into the psyche. |
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Collective Unconscious |
Contains archetypes: - Inherited behavioral tendencies of a mystical nature. - Predisposed people to behave in certain ways.
Most important archetype was the self. -Unifying all your archetypes into a personality. |
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Karen Horney |
- Womb envy. - Focused on anxiety.
- Identified neurotic needs: 1. Need for personal admiration. 2. Need for perfection. 3. Need to exploit others. 4. Need for power. |
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Who did Freud give credit to for psychoanalysis? |
Josef Breuer |
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Two researchers known for little Albert experiment: |
Watson & Rayner |
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Thorndike's Law of Effect: |
"If a response, in the presence of a stimulus, is followed by a satisfying state of affairs, the bond between stimulus and response will be strengthened."
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Morgan's Canon |
A higher mental process should not be invoked if the behavior could be explained adequately by a lower mental process.
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Two lesser known behaviors at odds with each other: |
Clark Hull: Theory of Habit Strength - More reinforcement after a behavior makes that connection stronger.
B.F. Skinner: Radical Behaviorism/ Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) - Your environment influences your behavior |
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First American women to earn a PHD? |
Margaret Floy Washburn |
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Alfred Russell Wallace discovered? |
Discovered evolution independently of Darwin but never published it. |
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Lillian Gilbreth |
First woman to be a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
First woman to be elected to the National Academy of Engineering.
The only psychologist to appear on a US stamp. |
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First psychologist to write a book on psychological experiments in terms of IVs and DVs? |
Robert Sessions Woodworth |
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Hugo Munsterboro |
Early work was in false confessions.
Considered one of the first founders of industrial psychology. |
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Psychology of advertising: |
Harlowe Gale |
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Psychologist who used return coupons and direct ads? |
Walter Dill Scott |
