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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Structural Genes |
encodes proteins that are used in metabolism or biosynthesis or that play a structural role in the cell |
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Regulatory Genes |
genes who products, either RNA or proteins, interact with other sequences and affect their transcription or translation |
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Regulatory elements |
DNA sequences that are not transcribed at all but still play a role in regulating other nucleotide sequences |
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Regulator gene |
helps regulate the transcription of the structure gene of the operon |
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Operon |
bacterial structural genes that are transcribed together with a promoter and addition sequences that control transcription |
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Repressible |
operon default condition is on |
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Inducible |
Operon default condition is off |
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Negative Regulation |
a regulatory protein acts as a repressor, binding to DNA and inhibiting transcription |
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Positive regulation |
a regulatory protein acts as an activator, simulating transcription |
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What are the steps to gene regulation? |
Compact DNA -> Alteration of structure -> Relaxed DNA -> Transcription -> Pre-mRNA -> mRNA procession -> Processed mRNA -> RNA stability -> Translation -> Protein (inactive) -> Posttranslational modification -> Modified protein (active) |
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Partially diploid |
two different DNA molecule: 1. full bacterial chromosome and an extra piece of DNA |
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lac operon cis |
able to control the expression of genes on the same piece of DNA only |
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lac operon trans |
able to control the expression of genes on other DNA molecule |
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constitutive |
causing the lac enzymes to be produced all the time, in the present and absence of lactose |
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Function of LacZ |
Beta-Galactosidase |
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Function of LacY |
Permease |
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Function of LacA |
Transacetylase |
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Lac operon overview |
- Lac operon of E. coli controls the transcription of LacZ, LacY, and LacA. - Lac operon is inducible: a regularor gene produces a repressor that binds to the operator site and prevents transcription of the genes. - The presence of allolactose inactivates the repressor and allows the transcription of the genes |
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Catabolite activator protein |
positive control is accomplished through the binding of a dimeric protein |
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Transition |
a purine is replaced by a different purine or a pyrimidine is replaced by a different pyrimidine |
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transversion |
a purine is replaced by a pyrimidine or a pyrimidine is replaced by a purine |
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Purine |
A and G |
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Pyrimidine |
T and C |
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Insertion |
the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs |
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Deletion |
the removal of one or more nucleotide pairs |
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Frameshift mutation |
changes in the reading frame |
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Missense mutation |
the new codon encodes a different amino acid; there is a change in amino acid sequence |
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Nonsense mutation |
the new codon is a stop codon; there is a premature termination of translation |
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Silent mutation |
the new codon encodes the same amino acid; there is no change in amino acid sequence |
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forward mutation |
a mutation that alters the wild type phenotype |
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reverse mutation |
changes a mutation phenotype back into the wild type |
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conditional mutation |
expressed only under certain conditions |
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Lethal mutations |
causes premature death |
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suppressor mutation |
genetic change that hides or suppresses the effect of another mutation |
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neutral mutation |
a missense mutation that alters the amino acid sequence of the protein but does not change the function |
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Intragenic suppressor |
the same gene that contains the mutation is being suppressed and may work in several ways |
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loss-of-function mutation |
complete or partial absence of normal function |
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gain-of-function |
produces an entirely new trait or it causes a trait to appear in inappropriate tissues or at inappropriate times |
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Intergenic supressors |
occur in a gene that is different from the one bearing the original mutation |
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Trinucleotide expansion |
mutations which copies of a trinucleotide greatly in numbers |
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somatic mutations |
mutations in all other cells but sex cells |
