Exam 2

Front 1

Kidney functions include:
______________
______________
______________
______________

Back 1

______________ functions include:
Nitrogen excretion
Ion homeostasis
Water balance
Endocrine function

Front 2

Nitrogen excretion process includes
______________
______________
______________
______________

Back 2

______________ process includes
Amino acids are deaminated in liver
Ammonia is produced in liver
Ammonia is converted to urea in liver
Urea is excreted by the kidneys

Front 3

Creatine is converted to creatinine in ______________ at a ______________ rate.

Back 3

______________ is converted to ______________ in skeletal muscle at a constant rate.

Front 4

Serum and urinary creatinine are a function of ______________ .

Back 4

______________ and ______________ creatinine are a function of muscle mass.

Front 5

Plasma creatinine concentration is ______________.

Back 5

______________ concentration is constant.

Front 6

Urine creatinine concentration reflects ______________.

Back 6

______________ concentration reflects glomerular filtration.

Front 7

Uric acid

Back 7

Purine bases are oxidized to uric acid (all cells)
Plasma levels are variable
Plasma uric acid is freely filtered by the kindeys

Front 8

Decreased renal perfusion pressure causes increased ______________.

Back 8

Decreased ______________ causes increased extracellular H2O osmolarity.

Front 9

Decreased renal perfusions activates the ______________ system.

Back 9

______________ activates the Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

Front 10

Increased angiotensin II triggers the secretion of ______________ by ______________.

Back 10

Increased ______________ triggers the secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) by the posterior pituitary.

Front 11

Antidiuretic Hormone causes increased ______________ by the ______________.

Back 11

______________ causes increased H2O retention by the kidneys.

Front 12

Nitric oxide is a ______________ that is synthesized in cells that line blood vessels that ______________ and______________ the blood vessels to ______________ and ______________ blood pressure.

Back 12

______________ is a hormone that is synthesized in the cells that line ______________ that expand and contract the ______________ to raise and lower ______________.

Front 13

Watch a video on the Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

Back 13

Watch a video on the Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

Front 14

Erythrogenin, synthesized by the ______________, triggers the liver to release ______________ which stimulates the production of ______________ cells.

Back 14

______________, synthesized by the kidneys, triggers the ______________ to release erythropoietin which ______________ the production of red blood cells.

Front 15

______________ secrete renin which activates the ______________ and ______________ hormone system.

Back 15

Kidneys secrete ______________ which ______________ the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone system.

Front 16

Active ______________ regulates calcium and phosphorus levels.

Back 16

Active vitamin D regulates ______________ and ______________ levels.

Front 17

______________ secretes prostaglandins which increase ______________ and Na+ and H2O excretion and also act as ______________ and may stimulate renin.

Back 17

Kidneys secrete ______________ which ______________ renal blood flow and ______________ and ______________ excretion and also act as vasodilators and may ______________ renin.

Front 18

Laboratory tests for nitrogen excretion.
______________
______________
______________
______________

Back 18

Laboratory tests for ______________.
Serum Urea Nitrogen (BUN - Blood Urea Nitrogen)
Serum Creatinine
Serum Uric Acid
Creatinine Clearance

Front 19

Laboratory tests for Ion Homeostasis.
______________
______________
______________
______________
______________

Back 19

Laboratory tests for ______________.
Serum and Urine Electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO-3)
Blood pH
Serum Calcium
Serum Inorganic Phosphate
Serum Magnesium

Front 20

Laboratory tests for Water Balance.
______________

Back 20

Laboratory tests for ______________.
Serum and Urine Osmolarity

Front 21

Laboratory tests for Endocrine Function.
______________
______________
______________

Back 21

Laboratory tests for ______________.
Serum erythropoietin
Serum renin
1.25 - dihydroxycholecalciferol (Vitamin D)

Front 22

Kidney function alteration.
______________
______________
______________
______________
______________

Back 22

Kidney function ______________.
Blood Flow
Glomerular Damage
Tubular Damage
Calculi
Inborn Errors of Metabolism

Front 23

Diminished ______________ to kidneys (ex. Cardiac failure) leads to ______________ kidney function which causes an increased ______________ in blood.

Back 23

______________ blood flow to kidneys (ex. ______________ ) leads to diminished ______________ which causes an ______________ metabolic end products in blood.

Front 24

Glomerular nephritis, damage of ______________, allows ______________ and cells to pass into glomerular filtrate, which will be ______________ in urine since they are ______________ to be reabsorbed.

Back 24

______________, damage of endothelium, allows plasma proteins and cells to pass into ______________ filtrate, which will be excreted in ______________ since they are too large to be ______________.

Front 25

Causes of Tubular damage.
______________
______________
______________
______________
______________

Back 25

Cause of ______________ damage.
Toxic substances (heavy metals, etc.)
Hemolytic Rx (incompatible blood transfusion)
Poison
Physical trauma
Neoplasia

Front 26

Tubular damage leads to the inability to ______________ and ______________ substances

Back 26

______________ damage leads to the ______________ to secrete and reabsorb ______________ .

Front 27

Calculi are precipitates of ______________ substances in pelvis of kidney ______________ or bladder.

Back 27

______________ are precipitates of concentrated ______________ in pelvis of kidney ureters or ______________.

Front 28

Causes of calculi.
______________
______________
______________
______________

Back 28

Causes of ______________.
Infections (obstruction ensue)
Back pressure
Reduced filtration rate
Decreased urinary excretion

Front 29

Inborn errors of metabolism is the ______________ inherited ______________ to reabsorb amino acids which causes an ______________ of amino acids in urine.

Back 29

______________ is the genetically ______________ inability to reabsorb ______________ which causes an increase of ______________ in urine.

Front 30

Normal urine volume in 24 hours.
______________ mls

Back 30

______________ urine volume in 24 hours.
800 - 1800 mls

Front 31

Urine output = ______________ (drink, IV, solutions) - ______________ (perspiration, lung, stool)

Back 31

______________ = fluid intake (drink, IV, solutions) - fluid output (perspiration, lung, stool)

Front 32

Polyuria is ______________ urinary output.

Back 32

______________ is increased urinary output.

Front 33

Oliguria is ______________ urinary output.

Back 33

______________ is decreased urinary output.

Front 34

Cloudy urine implies ______________ or blood.

Back 34

______________ urine implies infection or ______________.

Front 35

Urine odor:
Normal - ______________
Diabetes - ______________
Proteus - ______________
Bacterial - ______________

Back 35

Urine odor:
______________ - nutty or aromatic
______________ - acetone fruity smell
______________ - ammonia smell
______________ - ammonia smell

Front 36

Proteus is a cause of ______________.

Back 36

______________ is a cause of cystitis.

Front 37

Ketosis or drugs results in ______________ urine.

Back 37

______________ or ______________ results in acidic urine.

Front 38

Bacteria results in ______________ or ______________ urine.

Back 38

______________ results in acidic or basic urine.

Front 39

Formed elements in urine:
______________
______________
______________
______________
______________
______________
______________

Back 39

Formed elements in urine:
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Casts (albumin, hyaline, epithelial cell aggregates)
Crystals
Bacteria
Ova
Parasites

Front 40

Urinary casts are tiny ______________ shaped particles made up of ______________, ______________, or ______________ cells which are held together by a ______________ released by the ______________.

Back 40

______________ are tiny tube shaped particles made up of red blood cells, white blood cells, or kidney cell which are held together by a protein ______________ by the kidney.

Front 41

Glomerular filtration is ______________ from the ______________ into the ______________. Molecular weight cutoff is ______________ daltons. The driving force for filtration is net ______________.

Back 41

______________ is passive simple diffusion from the glomerulus into the Bowman's Capsule. ______________ cutoff is 50-60K ______________. The ______________ for filtration is net filtration pressure.

Front 42

Hydrostatic pressure accounts for ______________ of systolic pressure. This pressure pushes ______________ out of the capillary into ______________ in glomerular filtration.

Back 42

______________ accounts for 70% of ______________. This pressure pushes molecules out of the ______________ into Bowman's Capsule in ______________.

Front 43

The amount of glucose entering the ______________ depends on normal ______________ and blood glucose.

Back 43

The amount of ______________ enter the tubules depends on normal glomerular filtration of glucose and ______________.

Front 44

Coupled Enzymatic Test:
______________
______________

Back 44

______________ Test:
Urease
Glutamate Dehydrogenase

Front 45

______________ + Glycine + ______________ > Creatine

Back 45

Arginine + ______________ + Methionine > ______________

Front 46

Creatinine cleared by ______________ is not reabsorbed by ______________.

Back 46

______________ cleared by glomerular filtration is not ______________ by tubules.

Front 47

Serum creatinine greater than ______________ suggests renal disease.

Back 47

______________ greater than 2 mg/dl suggest renal disease.

Front 48

Picric acid is highly ______________ when water ______________.

Back 48

______________ is highly explosive when ______________ evaporates.

Front 49

Jaffe Reactions measures ______________ by converting ______________ to creatinine with picric acid and calculating total ______________ - direct creatinine.

Back 49

______________ measures creatine by converting creatine into ______________ with ______________ and calculating total creatinine - direct ______________.

Front 50

Normal Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is ______________ ml/min.

Back 50

Normal ______________ is 125 ml/min.

Front 51

Average Insulin clearance:
Men: ______________ ml/min
Women: ______________ ml/min

Back 51

______________ clearance
Men: 125 ml/min
Women: 115 ml/min

Front 52

Insulin Clearance test:
______________ filtered by glomerulus
______________ secreted by tubules
______________ reabsorbed by tubules
______________ must be infused I.V.
______________ maintaining constant ______________ concentration

Back 52

Insulin Clearance test:
Freely filtered by ______________
Not secreted by ______________
Not reabsorbed by ______________
Polysaccharide must be infused ______________
Difficulties maintaining ______________ blood insulin ______________

Front 53

Average creatinine clearance:
Men: ______________ ml/min
Women: ______________ ml/min

Back 53

______________ clearance
Men: 105 ml/min
Women: 95 ml/min

Front 54

Creatinine Clearance test: endogenous from ______________
______________ filtered by glomerulus
______________ secreted by tubules
______________ reabsorbed by tubules
______________ blood supply
______________ of diet
______________ subject to flow rate

Back 54

______________ test: ______________ from muscle breakdown
Freely filtered by ______________
Weakly filtered by ______________
Not reabsorbed by ______________
Constant ______________ supply
Independent of ______________
Not very subject to ______________

Front 55

Urea Clearance test:
______________ by dietary protein
______________ by urine flow rate
______________ reabsorbed in tubules
When urine flow is less than ______________ ml/min
This test is not ______________.

Back 55

Urea Clearance test:
Affected by dietary ______________
Affected by urine ______________
Passively reabsorbed in ______________
When ______________ is less than 2 ml/min
This test is ______________ recommended.

Front 56

Decreased urea ______________ results in ______________ reabsorption.

Back 56

______________ urea flow rate results in increased ______________.

Front 57

Components of Serum Non Protein Nitrogen
______________ (45% of NPN)
______________
______________
______________
______________
______________

Back 57

Components of Serum ______________
Urea (______________% of NPN)
Amino Acids
Uric Acid
Creatinine
Creatine
Ammonia

Front 58

Pre-renal causes of increased serum urea
______________
______________
______________

Back 58

______________ causes of increased ______________
Cardiac decompensation
Water depletion
Increased protein catabolism

Front 59

Renal causes of increased serum urea
______________
______________
______________
______________
______________

Back 59

______________ causes of increased ______________
Acute glomerulonephritis
Chronic nephritis
Polycystic kidney
Nephrosclerosis (hardening due to inflammation)
Tubular necrosis

Front 60

Post-renal causes of increased serum urea
______________
______________
______________

Back 60

______________ causes of increased ______________
Stones
Enlarged prostate gland
Tumors

Front 61

Berthelot test measures ______________ by converting ______________ to ammonia using ______________ enzyme.

Back 61

______________ test measures urea by ______________ urea to ______________ using urease ______________.

Front 62

Diacetyl Monoxime test measures ______________ directly.

Back 62

______________ test measures urea ______________.

Front 63

Uric acid is derived from ______________ metabolism and is normally excreted in ______________ and ______________.

Back 63

______________ is derived from purine ______________ metabolism and is normal ______________ in urine and feces.

Front 64

Uric acid levels for Gout range between ______________ and ______________ mg/dl.

Back 64

______________ levels for Gout range between 6.5 and 10 mg/dl.

Front 65

Uric acid test tests for:
______________
______________
______________
______________

Back 65

______________ test tests for:
Gout
Dietary purines
Leukemia
Polycthemia

Front 66

Uric Acid analysis:
______________
______________

Back 66

______________ analysis
Phosphotungstic Acid test
Enzymatic test (uricase)

Front 67

Ammonia source: ______________

Back 67

______________ source: deamination of amino accids

Front 68

Ammonia (NH3) is normally converted to ______________ in the liver.

Back 68

______________ is normally converted to urea in the ______________.

Front 69

Reye's syndrome is a result of ______________ overdose.

Back 69

______________ is a result of aspirin overdose.

Front 70

Ammonia test
NH4 + alpha Ketoglutarate + NADPH
Enzyme: Glutamic dehydrogenase

Back 70

______________ test
NH4 + ______________ + NADPH
Enzyme: Glutamic dehydrogenase

Front 71

Increased serum ammonia significance:
______________
______________

Back 71

Increase ______________ significance:
Hepatic (liver) failure
Reye's syndrome

Front 72

Amino acids are normally filtered by the ______________ and reabsorbed by ______________ tubules.

Back 72

______________ are normally filter by the glomerulus and ______________ by the proximal tubules.

Front 73

Cystinuria patients do not reabsorb:
______________
______________
______________
______________

Back 73

______________ patients do not reabsorb:
Cystine
Ornithine
Lysine
Arginine

Front 74

Fanconi's syndrome patients fail to reabsorb:
______________
______________
______________

Back 74

______________ patients fail to reabsorb:
Amino acids
Glucose
Electrolytes

Front 75

Tests that measure Proximal Tubular function
______________
______________

Back 75

Tests that measure ______________ function
Para-Aminohippurate (PAH) Clearance test
Phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) Test

Front 76

Para-Aminohippurate (PAH) Clearance test is performed similarly to the ______________ test (IV injection of PAH.)

Back 76

______________ is performed similarity to the insulin test (______________ injection of PAH.)

Front 77

Para-Aminohippurate is abbreviated ______________

Back 77

______________ is abbreviated PAH.

Front 78

Diazotized naphthylethylenediamine is used in the Para-Aminohippurate Clearance test

Back 78

______________ naphthylethylenediamine is used in the ______________ Clearance test.

Front 79

Phenolsulfonphthalein is abbreviated ______________.

Back 79

______________ is abbreviated PSP.

Front 80

Phenolsulfonphthalein Test:
______________% is removed by liver
______________ % secreted by proximal tubule
______________ injection of PSP
______________ for PSP (______________ PSP and measure colored solution)

Back 80

______________ Test:
20% is removed by ______________
80% is secreted by ______________ tubule
IV injection of ______________
Assay for ______________ (Alkalinized ______________ and measure colored solution)

Front 81

Common calculi:
______________
______________
______________

Back 81

______________:
Calcium oxalate
Magnesium ammonium phosphate
Uric acid

Front 82

Specific gravity = weight of ______________ / weight of equal volume of ______________

Back 82

______________ = weight of substance / weight of equal volume of water

Front 83

1 ml = 1 ______________ water

Back 83

1 ______________ = 1 gram water

Front 84

Specific gravity reflects the ______________ of the solution

Back 84

______________ reflects the density of the solution

Front 85

Urinometer measures the ______________ of urine with a ______________ ball.

Back 85

______________ measures the specific gravity of ______________ with a free floating ball.

Front 86

Refractometer measures ______________ by measuring the ______________ of deflection of a light beam passing through a medium.

Back 86

______________ measures specific gravity by measuring the angle of ______________ of a light beam passing through a medium.

Front 87

Osmolality is the concentration of ______________ particles in a ______________.

Back 87

______________ is the ______________ of the solute particles in a solution.

Front 88

The ______________ of electrolytes in urine is a measure of ______________ function.

Back 88

The concentration of ______________ in ______________ is a measure of tubular function.

Front 89

Flame photometry measures:
______________
______________
______________

Back 89

______________ measures:
Na+
K+
Li+

Front 90

Urine osmolality tests the ______________ ability to concentrate ______________ (primarily ADH ______________)

Back 90

______________ tests the kidney's ability to ______________ urine (primarily ______________ dependent)

Front 91

Diabetes insipidus is a disorder of the ______________ characterized by intense ______________ and by the excretion of large amounts of ______________.

Back 91

______________ is a disorder of the pituitary gland character by intense thirst and by the ______________ of large amounts of urine.

Front 92

SIADH increases urine ______________.

Back 92

______________ increases urine osmolality.