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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Artificial Intelligence |
A field of computer science that attempts to develop programs that will enable machines to display intelligent behavior |
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Broca's area |
A region in the left frontal cortex that is important for processing language, particularly syntax in speech |
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Cognitive neuroscience |
The study of neural basis of cognition |
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Gestalt psychology |
An approach to psychology that emphasized principles of organization that result in holistic properties of the brain that go beyond the activity of the parts |
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Sternberg paradigm |
An experimental procedure in which participants are presented with a memory set consisting of a few items and must decide whether various probe items are in the memory set |
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Wernicke's area |
A region of the left temporal lobe important to language, particularly the semantic content of speech |
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2½-D Sketch |
Marr's proposal for a visual representation that identifies where surfaces are located in space relative to the viewer. |
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3-D model |
Marr's proposal for an object-centered representation of a visual scene |
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Apperceptive agnosia |
A form of visual agnosia marked by the inability to recognize simple shapes such as circles and triangles |
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Associative agnosia |
A form of visual agnosia marked by the inability to recognize complex objects such as an anchor, even though the patient can recognize simple shapes and can copy drawings of complex objects |
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Categorical perception |
The perception of stimuli being in distinct categories without gradual variations |
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feature analysis |
A theory of pattern recognition that claims that we extract primitive features and then recognize their combinations |
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fovea |
The area of the retina with the greatest visual acuity. When we focus on an object, we move the eyes so that the image of the object falls on the fovea |
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fusiform gyrus |
A region in the temporal cortex involved in recognition of complex patterns like faces and words. |
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automaticity |
The ability to perform a task with little or no central cognitive control •doing something without conscious awareness •advantages: frees up attentional resources to do other things •disadvantages: action slips—action is no longer appropriate at present. i.e. continuing to date your papers with 2016 when it's now 2017. |
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binding problem |
The question of how the brain determines which features in the visual field go together to form an object |
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central bottleneck |
The inability of central cognition to pursue multiple lines of thought simultaneously. (opposite of perfect time-sharing) |
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Early-selection theories |
A theory of attention stating that serial bottlenecks occur early in information processing. (opposite of late-selection theory) |
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Executive control |
The direction of central cognition, which is carried out mainly by prefrontal regions of the brain. |
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Feature-integration theory |
Treisman's proposal that one must focus attention on a set of features before the individual features can be synthesized into a pattern. |
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Late-selection theory |
A theory of attention stating that serial bottlenecks occur late in information processing. An example is Deutsch and Deutsch's theory, according to which all sensory information can be processed, but our ability to respond to that information has attentional limitations. (opposite of early-selection theory) |
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perfect time-sharing |
The ability to pursue more than one task at the same time. (opposite of central bottleneck) |
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Serial bottleneck |
The point in the path from perception to action at which people cannot process all the incoming information in parallel. |
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Stroop effect |
A phenomenon in which the tendency to name a word will interfere with the ability to say the color in which the word is printed |
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information processing [approach] |
An analysis of human cognition into a set of steps in which information is processed •info that's transmitted reside in patterns of data that are independent of the physical medium that carries them |
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operational definitions |
definition that translates the variable we want to assess into a specific procedure or measurement hypothetical construct → aggression ↓ observable ↓ measurement |
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hypothetical constructs |
an explanatory variable which is not directly observable. •e.g.: the concepts of intelligence and motivation are used to explain phenomena in psychology, but neither is directly observable. •Intelligence (IQ test) •Personality (Myers-Briggs) •Short-term memory (simple memory span test) |
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Oliver Sacks |
•Best-selling case histories of patients with neurological disorders •wrote The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat |
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Solomon Shereshevski aka "S" |
•had one of the most powerful memories in science •he was a news reported that didn't take notes in the field •A.R. Luria studied S's cognitive abilities for 30 years and wrote The Mind of a Mnemonist a) unusually retentive LTM: LTM due to 2 factors 1. vivid visual imagery 2. unusual synesthesia (the production of a sense impression relating to one sense or part of the body by stimulation of another sense or part of the body.) b) unusually vivid visual imagery. e.g.: speed up or slow down heart rate by imagining being in those appropriate scenarios (like running or falling asleep) cognitive qualities: 1. S's visual imagery capability 2. STM and LTM, had no STM, but unlimited LTM 3. 5-senses synesthesia 4. used visual imagery like writing a memory on a blackboard then erasing it to forget something |
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Grapheme-color synesthesia |
a form of synesthesia in which an individual's perception of numerals and letters is associated with the experience of colours |
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basic research |
acquiring general info about some phenomenon •real-world applications are not of immediate interest |
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applied research |
Primary goal is to generate info that can be directly applied to a real-world problem |
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Ebbinghaus |
credited for doing the 1st scientific research on memory •nonsense syllable, 3-letter groups that were not in the dictionary (German) •BR: 60% of newly-learned info is forgotten in 8–9 hours •AR: to remember newly-learned material we should do a periodic review in the first few hours after learning |
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inattentional blindness |
the event in which an individual fails to recognize an unexpected stimulus that is in plain sight. |
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alpha-arithmetic problems |
novel set of problems. Highly unlikely that noves have seen this problem (restricted-problem set) |
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problem size effect |
the more difficult the problem the longer it takes to come up with a correct solution |
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speedup |
the more practice you have in a class of problems the faster you solve it |
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floor effect |
performance can't go lower (or faster) |
