Exam 1-- Part 2

Front 1

What is the study of compounds that contain carbon?

Back 1

Organic chemistry

Front 2

Most organic compounds contain ________ atoms in addition to carbon atoms

Back 2

hydrogen

Front 3

What are the four classes of large biological molecules?

Back 3

1.) Carbohydrates

2.) Lipids

3.) Proteins

4.) Nucleic acids

Front 4

What are large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms?

Back 4

Macromolecules

Front 5

What is a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks?

Back 5

Polymer

Front 6

What are the small building blocks that make up a polymer?

Back 6

Monomers

Front 7

Which of the four classes of life's organic molecules are polymers?

Back 7

1.) Carbohydrates

2.) Proteins

3.) Nucleic acids

Front 8

What is it called when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule?

Back 8

Dehydration reaction

Front 9

What are macromolecules that speed up the dehydration process?

Back 9

Enzymes

Front 10

What is the process called when polymers are broken down into monomers, by gaining a water molecule?

Back 10

Hydrolysis

Front 11

Sugars and the polymers of sugars are _______

Back 11

Carbohydrates

Front 12

What are the simplest carbohydrates, or single sugars, called?

Back 12

Monosaccharide's

Front 13

Carbohydrate macromolecules are _________

Back 13

polysaccharides

Front 14

What are polysaccharides?

Back 14

Polymers composed of many sugar building blocks

Front 15

What is the formula for Glucose?

Back 15

C6H12O6

Front 16

What is the most common monosaccharide?

Back 16

Glucose (C6H12O6)

Front 17

What are the one class of large biological molecules that do not form polymers?

Back 17

Lipids

Front 18

Lipids are _____ because they consist mostly of hydrocarbons, which form non polar covalent bonds

Back 18

Hydrophobic

Front 19

Lipids consist mostly of

Back 19

hydrocarbons

Front 20

Lipids form what kind of bonds?

Back 20

nonpolar covalent

Front 21

The most biologically important lipids are?

Back 21

1.) Fats

2.) Phospholipids

3.) Steroids

Front 22

Fats are constructed from what two types of smaller molecules?

Back 22

Glycerol and fatty acids

Front 23

What is a three-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon?

Back 23

Glycerol

Front 24

What consists of a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton?

Back 24

A fatty acid

Front 25

Fats ______ from water

Back 25

separate

Front 26

When three fatty acids are joined to glycerol by an ester linkage, it creates?

Back 26

triacyglycerol

Front 27

Which kind of fatty acids have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and have no double bonds?

Back 27

Saturated fatty acids

Front 28

What kind of fatty acid has one or more double bonds?

Back 28

Unsaturated fatty acids

Front 29

Saturated fats are ______ at room temperature

Back 29

solid

Front 30

Unsaturated fats are ________ at room temperature

Back 30

liquid

Front 31

Most animal fats are ________, where as plant fats and fish fats are __________

Back 31

Animal = saturated

Plants & fish = unsaturated

Front 32

What accounts for more than 50% of the dry mass of most cells?

Back 32

Proteins

Front 33

What are the functions of protein?

Back 33

-Structural support

-Storage

-Transport

-Cellular communications

-Movement

-Defense against foreign substances

Front 34

What type of proteins speed up chemical reactions?

Back 34

Enzymes

Front 35

What is a catalyst?

Back 35

A substance that speeds up chemical reactions

Front 36

What are the workhorses that carry out the processes of life?

Back 36

Enzymes

Front 37

What is the function of an enzymatic protein?

Back 37

Selective acceleration of chemical reactions

Front 38

What is an example of an enzymatic protein?

Back 38

Digestive enzymes

Front 39

What is the function of structural proteins?

Back 39

Support

Front 40

What are some examples of structural proteins?

Back 40

-Silk fibers

-Collagen and elastin in animal connective tissues

-Keratin in hair

-Horns

-Feathers

-Other skin appendages

Front 41

What is the function of storage proteins?

Back 41

Storage of amino acids

Front 42

What are some examples of storage proteins?

Back 42

-Ovalbumin in egg white

-Protein of milk

-Stronger proteins in plant seeds

Front 43

What is the function of transport proteins?

Back 43

Transport of other substances

Front 44

What are some examples of transport proteins?

Back 44

-Hemoglobin

-Transport proteins

Front 45

What is the function of hormonal proteins?

Back 45

Coordination of an organisms activities

Front 46

What are some examples of hormonal proteins?

Back 46

Insulin (hormone secreted from the pancreas)

Front 47

What is the function of receptor proteins?

Back 47

Response of cell to chemical stimuli

Front 48

What are some examples of receptor proteins?

Back 48

Receptors in nerve cell membranes

Front 49

What is the function of contractile and motor proteins?

Back 49

Movement

Front 50

What are some examples of contractile and motor proteins?

Back 50

-Actin and myosin in muscles

-Proteins in cilia and flagella

Front 51

What is the function of defensive proteins?

Back 51

Protection against disease

Front 52

What are some examples of defensive proteins?

Back 52

Antibodies combat bacteria and virus

Front 53

Basic structure of an amino acids contain what elements

Back 53

-1 Nitrogen hooked up to 2 Hydrogens (H-N-H)

-1 Carbon hooked up to an Oxygen and Hydroxide (O-C-OH)

*Carbon and Oxygen have a double bond

Front 54

What is the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide programmed by?

Back 54

Gene

Front 55

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

Back 55

DNA and RNA

Front 56

What controls protein synthesis?

Back 56

mRNA

Front 57

Where does protein synthesis occur?

Back 57

Ribosomes

Front 58

What are the different bases in RNA

Back 58

A, C, G, U

Front 59

What is the heart of the cell?

Back 59

Nucleus

Front 60

What is the heart of the nucleus?

Back 60

Nucleous

Front 61

What are the four basic features of all cells?

Back 61

1.) Plasma membrane

2.) Chromosomes

3.) Cytosol

4.) Ribosomes

Front 62

What makes proteins?

Back 62

Ribosomes

Front 63

What carries genes?

Back 63

Chromosomes

Front 64

In prokaryotic cells, DNA is stored where?

Back 64

Nucleoid

Front 65

In prokaryotic cells, cytoplasm is bound by what?

Back 65

The plasma membrane

Front 66

Where is the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells?

Back 66

Between the plasma membrane

Front 67

What contains most of the cell's genes?

Back 67

nucleus

Front 68

What encloses the nucleus, separating from the cytoplasm?

Back 68

Nuclear envelope

Front 69

The nuclear membrane is a _______ membrane

Back 69

double

Front 70

In the nuclear membram, each membrane consists of a what?

Back 70

lipid bilayer

Front 71

In the nucleus, DNA and proteins form genetic material called?

Back 71

Chromatin

Front 72

Chromatin condenses to form discrete _______

Back 72

Chromosomes

Front 73

Where is the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis

Back 73

Nucleolus

Front 74

Where do ribosomes carry out protein synthesis?

Back 74

-In the cytosol

-On the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or the nuclear envelope

Front 75

What kind of ribosomes are in the cytosol?

Back 75

Free ribosomes

Front 76

What kind of ribosomes are on the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or the nuclear envelope

Back 76

Bound ribosomes

Front 77

What are the components of the endomembrane system?

Back 77

-Nuclear envelope

-Endoplasmic Reticulum

-Golgi apparatus

-Lysosomes

-Vacuoles

-Plasma membrane

Front 78

The components of the endomembrane system are continuous or connected via transfer by ________

Back 78

Vesicles

Front 79

What encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm?

Back 79

Nuclear envelope

Front 80

What are the differences between animal and plant cells?

Back 80

-Plants have cell walls

-Animals have one or more vacuoles, plants have one large one

-Plants have chloroplasts

Front 81

What accounts for more than half of the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells?

Back 81

The endoplasmic reticulum

Front 82

What are the difference between Smooth ER and Rough ER?

Back 82

Rough ER- has ribosomes

Smooth ER- does not

Front 83

What does smooth ER do?

Back 83

1.) Synthesizes lipids

2.) Metabolizes carbs

3.) Detoxifies poison

4.) Stores calcium

Front 84

What does the rough ER do?

Back 84

-Secrete glycoproteins

-Is a membrane factory for the cell

Front 85

What are glycoproteins

Back 85

Proteins covalently bonded to carbohydrates

Front 86

What consists of flattened membranous sacs?

Back 86

Golgi apparatus

Front 87

What are the flattened membranous sacs in Golgi Apparatus called?

Back 87

Cisternae

Front 88

What are the functions of the Golgi apparatus?

Back 88

-Modifies products of the ER

-Manufactures certain macromolecules

-Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles

Front 89

What are food vacuoles formed by?

Back 89

Phagocytosis

Front 90

What is found in many freshwater protists that pump excess water out of cells?

Back 90

Contractile vacuoles

Front 91

What are found in many mature plant cells and hold in organic compounds and water?

Back 91

Central vacuoles

Front 92

What are oxidative organelles?

Back 92

Peroxisomes

Front 93

Are Mitochondria and chloroplasts part of the endomembrane system?

Back 93

No

Front 94

Thechloroplast is a member of a family of organelles called ______

Back 94

Plastids

Front 95

What are thylakoids

Back 95

membranous stacks the form a granum

Front 96

What is a granum

Back 96

Stacks of thylakoids

Front 97

What is stroma

Back 97

internal fluid in chloroplast