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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Currently, biologists agree that viruses are: -living -non-living -living/non-living hybrids |
Non-living |
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Viruses have a nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a(n): -cell wall -plasma membrane -capsid -envelope |
Capsid |
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Describe the Lytic Cycle (viral infection of cells) |
1) attachment 2) penetration/injection 3) replication and synthesis 4) assembly 5) release |
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Describe the Lysogenic Cycle (viral infection of cells) |
1) attachment 2) penetration/injection 3) Viral DNA integration 4) Propagation 5) Induction |
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Misfolded proteins that cause other proteins to misfold: -viroid -virus -prion -protist |
Prion |
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Short strands of circular, single-stranded RNA without protein coats -viroid -virus -prion -protist |
Viroid |
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Viroids infect: -plants -animals -bacteria -all of the above |
Plants |
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True or False: The end result of the Lytic Cycle of viral reproduction is the lysis of the cell. |
True |
Does the Lytic Cycle end with the destruction of the cell? |
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True or Flase: The end result of the Lysogenic Cycle of a virus is the lysis of the cell. |
False |
Does the Lysogenic Cycle of a virus result in it's destruction? |
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Taxonomic Hierarchy: |
1) Domain 2) Kingdom 3) Phylum 4) Class 5) Order 6) Family 7) Genus 8) Species |
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There are ____ levels of classifications in the Taxonomic Hierarchy. -5 -7 -8 -9 |
8 |
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Binomial Classification: -first name:capital, second name:capital -first name:capital, second name:lowercase -first name:lowercase, second name:capital -first name:lowercase, second name:lowercase |
First name:capital, second name:lowercase |
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Abbreviation for unknown specific species |
Sp. |
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Abbreviation for known many species. |
Spp. |
Extra p=plural |
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True or False: Common names and scientific names are always the same thing. |
False |
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How many Domains are there? -3 -5 -7 |
3 |
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The three domains are: -Bacteria, Protista, Animalia -Bacteria, Eukarya, Prokarya -Bacteria, Plantae, Animalia -Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya |
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya |
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The four Kingdoms of Eukaryotes are: |
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia |
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True or False: The taxonomic hierarchy is subjective and constantly being revised. |
True |
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Taxonomy is the study of: -the preservation of dead organisms -the science of studying organisms -the science of classifying organisms |
The science of classifying organisms |
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Systematics is the: -study of evolutionary relationships via phylogenies -science of classifying organisms -chronological timeline of trait appearances via evolutionary tree |
Study of evolutionary relationships via phylogenies |
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A cladogram is: |
A special type of evolutionary tree that shows shared characteristics |
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Clade |
An evolutionary unit consisting of a common ancestor and all of its descendants -monophyletic |
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Monophyletic |
A group of organisms descended from a COMMON ancestor or ancestral group, especially one not shared with any other group |
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Paraphyletic |
A group of organisms descended from a COMMON ancestor or ancestral group, but does not include all the descendant groups |
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Polyphyletic |
A group of organisms derived from MORE THAN ONE common evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group and therefore is not suitable for placing in the same taxan |
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Bacteriology is: |
The study of Bacteria |
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Has the common name of Bacteria |
Prokaryotes |
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Two Domains that are Prokaryotes |
1)Archaea 2)Bacteria |
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Characteristics of Archaea:
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-cell walls lack peptidoglycan -can live in extreme habitats |
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Defining feature of Prokaryotes: -cell walls have peptidoglycan -DNA is found in the nucleus -there is no nucleus -membrane-bound organelles are present within the cell |
There is no nucleus |
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Common characteristics of Prokaryotes in comparison to Eukaryotes |
-Bacteria have circular chromosomes -Plasmids are common -unicellular -SMALL -Extremely abundant |
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Basic Shapes of Prokaryotes: |
-Bacillus -Coccus -Spirillum |
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What does a gram stain reaction do? -stains the bacteria so thay they are easier to see -detects whether the bacteria is pathogenic or not -detects the presence of peptidoglycan in the cell walls of bacteria -test to see if bacteria is living or non-living |
Detects the presence of peptidoglycan in the cell walls of bacteria |
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True or False: Gram positive staining results are purple/blue. |
True |
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What color is a negative gram stain? -blue -green -orange -pink |
Pink |
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Bacteria are classified as: a) autotrophic b) heterotrophic c) psychotropic d) a&b |
d) a&b |
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Defined as "self-feeding" |
Autotrophic |
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Defined as "other-feeding" |
Heterotrophic |
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The two types of -trophs bacteria can be classified in a general sense as: |
Photo-trophs Chemo-trophs |
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Photoautotrophs use _____ energy to make food via _______. |
Light, photosynthesis |
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Chemoautotrophs obtain energy by _________. -processing chemicals metabolicly -by eating other organisms -by oxidizing inorganic substances |
By oxidizing inorganic substances |
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Photohetertrophs obtain food via: -photosynthesis -light energy, but are able to process complicated carbon compounds -eating other organisms |
Light energy, but are able to process complicated carbon compounds |
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Chemoautotrophs get energy and carbon (food) from: |
Others |
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Examples of Chemoautotrophs |
1) Decomposers 2) Parasites |
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Any organism that carries a parasitic disease to another organsim -ie. Tick carrying the bacteria for Lyme disease |
Vector |
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Examples of parasites |
-Borrelia burgdorferi -lyme disease -Clostridium butulinum -botulism -Staphylococcus spp. -common food poisoning -Escherichia coli |
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What Archaea Example includes: -uses H2 to reduce CO2 and produces CH4 -strict anaerobes -most commonly found in the digestive tract and marsh gas |
Methanogens |
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Example of Archaea: -"heat-loving" -some acidophilic and live in hot sulfur springs |
Thermophiles |
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Example of Archaea: -"salt-loving" |
Halophiles |
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These are all examples of: -Gram positive ------ -parasites and free-living spp. -Spirochaetes -many are parasites of animals -Cyanobacteria -"green/blue algae" -photoautotrophic -Proteobacteria -Enteric -inhabit the intestines of animals -many harmless, others pathogenic |
Bacteria |
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Protists are: -Eukaryotes -Prokaryotes -Bacteria -Archaea |
Eukaryotes |
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Protist Taxonomic Standing |
Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Protista |
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Kingdom protista is not monophyletic, meaning: |
protists are NOT descended from a common ancestor and does not share a common ancestor with any others |
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Characteristics of Protists |
-Eukaryotic -Both unicellular and multicellular -classification in controversy |
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The Three "Traditional" Categories of Protists |
-Protozoans -Algae -protists resembling fungi |
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Ciliates |
-unicellular heterotrophs -have cilia -have two types of nuclei: -macronucleus -micronuclei -have cytosome (mouth) and gullet -have pellicle- layer of elastic protein just underneath cell membrane -reproduce via conjugation -extremely abundant in aquatic environments |
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What group is represented based on these characteristics? -have cillia -abundant in aquatic environments -have two types of nuclei -have pellicle -have cytostome and and gullet |
Ciliates |
NOT EUGLENA |
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Euglenozoa |
-unicellular -have flagella/flagellum -some are photosynthetic -subgroup "kinetoplastids" includes parasites |
Genus: Euglena |
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Trypanosoma (Genus) |
parasite that cause African sleeping sickness -Vector: Tsetse fly |
protist in the Euglenozoa goup |
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Choanoflagelltes |
-have a close relationship with Animals (spounges) -Flagellum surrounded by collar |
Choano-, think choke |
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Dinoflagellates |
-marine and freshwater -mostly unicellular -mostly photosynthetic -HAVE TWO FLAGELLUM -unique arrangement |
Cause red tides |
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Apicomplexans |
-apex at one end of cell for penetrating other organisms -parasites -complex life cycles -disseminate in the form of tiny infectious cell called spores |
"Sporozoans" |
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Example of Phylum Apicomplexans |
Plasmodium -causes maleria |
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Referred to as "Seaweeds" |
Rhodophyta Brown Algae (Phaeophyta) |
think algae |
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Rhodophyta |
-"seaweed" -mostly multicellular -have unusual and complex lifestyles -most macroscopic -Marine |
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Chondrus and Corallina are examples of what? |
Phylum-Rhodophyta Kingdom-Protista Domain-Eukarya |
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What is the impact of Rhodophyta? |
-can be used in foods and medicine -fertilizers |
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All plant-like protists have what ending? |
-phyta |
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Green Algae is the common name for: |
Chlorophyta or Charophyta |
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Green algae is the ancestor of: |
Land plants |
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What defining features distinguishes that Green Algae is the ancestor of Land Plants? |
-both have cellulose in cell walls -both have the same chlorophasts |
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Some morphological differences in Green Algae are: |
-unicellular -colonies -filaments -other multicellular forms -coenocytic |
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Phylum-Chlorophyta Kingdom-Protista Domain-Eukarya 4 celled colonies |
Scenedesmus |
This protist has 4 syllabulls in its name |
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Daughter colonies are a sign of reproduction with this Green Algae. |
Volvox |
Vol produces vox |
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This protist has a distinctive, single spiral chlorophast |
Spirogyra |
Think spirals |
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Sometimes referred to as "sea-lettuce" or "seaweed" |
Ulva |
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Known as the "Mermaid's Wineglass" |
Acetabularia |
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A very smelly protist that is sometimes referred to as "skunkweed" or "muskgrass". Has grass-like colonies branching of the stem, multiple times. |
Chara |
This protist is "charing" my nose. |
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Coenocytic refers to: |
-a big blob of cytoplasm with no distinct cell structure -has many nuclei |
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An important aspect of Chlorophyta: |
they are the basis of the food chain in freshwater habitats |
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Brown Algae is the common name for |
Phaeophytes |
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Brown Algae is: -unicellular -both unicellular and multicellular -multicellular |
multicellular |
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True or Fasle: Brown Algae is relatively all small in size. |
False |
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Common uses for Brown Algae are: |
-food -fertilizer -source of alginic acid |
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Notable protists that are in the Phylum Phaeophyta include: |
-Laminaria -Sargassum -Fucus |
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Sargassum, Fucus, and Laminaria are all examples of what? |
Brown Algae |
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What is the most important food web base in marine habitats? |
Diatoms |
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Diatoms' metabolic classification is: |
photoautotrophs |
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Distinctive features of Diatoms are: |
-etchings -diverse shapes -large # of species |
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Diatoms have unique: |
Cell walls, composed of silica and arranged like a petri dish |
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The unique structure of the Diatoms' cell wall leads to a unique: |
Reproduction process |
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Diatomaceous Earth |
the accumulation of the silica shells of dead diatoms at the bottom of oceans/lakes |
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Diatomaceous Earth is components of: |
-paints -polishes -toothpaste |
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This protist has the common name of "water molds" |
Oomycetes |
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Characteristics of Oomycetes |
-abundant in freshwater -most saphrophytic (feed on dead things), some parasitic |
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Saprolegina |
An Oomycete -used in forensic science to determine how long someone has been dead in a body of water. This particular protist grows on the eyes. |
Looks slightly like volvox on top of "threads" |
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Photophthora |
An Oomycete -grows on terrestrial plants -caused the potato famine in Ireland (1840) |
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Amoebas use ______ to move and feed. |
psuedopods |
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Some amoebas have skeletal framework called: |
Tests |
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Amoebas that do not have tests are referred to as: |
naked amoeba |
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The most well studied genus is: |
Amoeba |
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This protist is a unicellular heterotroph |
Amoeba |
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Amoeba's main function on a larger scale is: |
being part of the food chain |
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Organisms that also have psuedopods, but they are thread-like or needle-like |
Forams and Radiolarians |
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Slime molds are _____ -green -yellow -red -blue |
yellow |
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Plasmodium or Psuedoplasmodium is a stage of ________. |
Slime Molds |
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Characteristics of the Plasmodium stage of Slime molds are: |
-coenocytic -many nuclei, cytoplasmic goo -no defined cells -phagocytic -can wrap around food and injest it |
Ceonocytic=cytoplasmic goo Phagocynic=psuedopods |
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Slime molds are important because: |
they play a minor role in decomposition |
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Conjugation is: |
Sexual reproduction |
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How do cells going through conjugation have to differ? -have to be male/female -have to be odd/even -have to be small/large -no special differences |
Have to be odd/even |
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The exchange of haploid micronuclei via a cytoplasmic bridge between two cells is known as: |
Conjugation |
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Trypanosoma= |
African Sleeping Sickness -spread by Tsetse fly -causes insomnia, joint pain, and weight loss |
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Plasmodium= |
Malaria -spread via flies -causes chills, fevers, and fatigue |
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What categorization applies to Trypansoma? |
Phylum: Euglenozoa Kingdom: Protista Domain: Eukarya |
Trypanosoma=Tsetse=Equals |
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What Phylum, etc. applies to Plasmodium? |
Phylum: Apicomplexan Kingdom: Protista Domain: Eukarya |
This parasite and phylum both have the letter p in the name. |
