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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The study of structure |
Anatomy |
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The study of a function |
Physiology |
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How are anatomy and physiology are inseperable? |
•function always reflects structure •what a structure can do depends on it's specific form |
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Anatomical position |
Person facing forward, arms at about 30° angle to side, palms facing forward, feet hip length apart, head facing forward |
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Put these in order Cells, organ, atom, tissue, molecules |
Atoms, molecules, cells, tissue, organ |
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What is a plane? |
Flat surface along which body or structure is divided for anatomical study |
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What are the two body cavities? |
•Dorsal •Ventral |
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What is the job of the Dorsal Cavity? And what are the two subdivisions? |
To protect nervous system •Cranial Cavity- Encases brain •Vertebral Cavity-Encases spinal cord |
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What does the Ventral cavity do? And what are the two subdivisions? |
Houses Internal Organs (viscera) •Thoracic Cavity •Abdominopelvic Cavity |
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What are the thoracic cavity subdivisions (3)? |
•Two Pleural Cavities •Mediastinum •Pericardial Cavity |
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What do the two Pleural Cavities house? |
Each houses a lung |
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What is the Mediastinum? |
•Contains pericardial cavity •Surrounds Thoracic Organs |
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What is the Pericardial Cavity? |
Encases heart |
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Abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions (2)? |
•Abdominal cavity •Pelvic cavity |
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What is the Adominal cavity |
Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver |
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What is the Pelvic Cavity? |
Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum |
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What are the two major divisions of body? And what do they include? |
Axial- head, neck, and trunk Appendicular- limbs |
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Epi |
Above |
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Hypo |
Below |
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Superior (cranial) VS inferior (caudal) |
Superior-towards the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above Inferior- away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below |
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Ventral (anterior) VS Dorsal (posterior) |
Ventral- towards or at the front of the body; in front of Dorsal- toward or at the back of the body; behind |
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Medial VS Lateral VS Intermediate |
Medial-toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of Lateral- away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of Intermediate- between a more medial and a more lateral structure |
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Proximal VS distal |
Proximal- Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk Distal- farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk |
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Superficial (external) VS deep (internal) |
Superficial- toward or at the body surface Deep- away from the body surface; more internal |
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Homeostasis |
•Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment despite continuous outside changes •a dynamic state of equilibrium |
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Homeostatic: control mechanisms |
•Involve continuous monitoring and regulation of many factors (Variables) •Nervous and endocrine systems accomplish the communication via nerve impulses and hormones |
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Control mechanisms and what they do |
~Receptors (sensor)- monitors the environment and responds to specific changes (stimuli) ~Control Center- receives input from receptor and compares to the set point ~Effector- receives instruction from the control center and carries out the response |
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Control center stages (5) |
1.Stimulus: produces change in variable 2.Receptor: detects change 3.Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to control center 4.Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to effector 5. Response: of effector feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level |
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Negative feedback? Examples? |
~The response reduces or shuts off the original stimulus Example: •Regulation of body temperature (a nervous mechanism) •Regulation of blood volume by ADH (an endocrine mechanism) |
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Positive feedback (3) |
~The response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus ~May exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect ~Usually controls infrequent events e.g. •Enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin •Platelet plug formation and blood clotting |
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Homeostatic Imbalance |
~disturbance of homeostasis •Increases risk of disease •Contributes to changes. associated with aging • May allow destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over (e.g. heart failure) |
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Lowers the activation energy and increase the speed of a reaction |
Enzymes |
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Is carbon dioxide organic or inorganic |
Inorganic |
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•Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids •contain carbon, usually large, and are covalently bonded |
Organic compounds |
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•Water, salt, and many acids and bases •do not contain carbon |
Inorganic compounds |
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Suspension + example |
Solute particles are very large, settle out, and may scatter light Ex. Blood |
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Colloid + example |
Solute particles are larger than in a solution and scatter light; do not settle out Ex. Gelatin |
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Solution + example |
Solute particles are very tiny, do not settle out or scatter light Ex. Mineral water |
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Compound + example |
Two or more different kinds of atoms bonded together Ex. C6H12O6 |
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Molecule + example |
Two or more atoms bonded together Ex. H2 or C6H12O6 |
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Levels of structural organization(5) |
1. Cellular- cells and their organelles 2. Tissue- groups of similar cells 3. Organ- contains 2 or more types of tissues 4. Organ system- organs that work closely together 5. Organism- all organ systems |
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Mixture |
Two or more substances physically intermixed |
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•protects deeper organs from injury due to bumps, chemicals, bacteria, and dehydration (drying out) •excretes salts and urea •helps regulate body temperature |
Integumentary |
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Skin, nails, and hair; cutaneous sense organs and glands |
Integumentary |
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•Filters the blood and then rids the body of nitrogen-containing wastes (urea, uric acid, and ammonia) that result from the breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids by the body's cell •Maintains water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of blood |
Urinary |
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Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra |
Urinary |
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•Carries blood containing oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, ions, hormones, and other substances to and from the cells where exchanges are made:pumping action of the heart propels blood through the blood vessels •Protects body with blood clots, antibodies, and other protein molecules in the blood |
Cardiovascular |
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Heart, blood vessels, and blood |
Cardiovascular |
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Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands;ovaries, testes, and pancreas |
Endocrine |
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•Promotes growth and development; produces chemical "messengers" (hormones) that travel in the blood to exert their effect(s) on various target organs of the body •plays a role in regulating long-term homeostasis |
Endocrine |
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•Allows body to detect changes in its internal and external environment and to respond to such information by activating appropriate muscles or glands •Helps maintain short-term homeostasis of the body by rapidly transmitting electrical signals |
Nervous |
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Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors |
Nervous |
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•Skeletal muscles contract, or shorten; in doing so, they move bones to allow motion (running, walking, etc.), grasping and manipulating the environment, and facial expressions •generates heat |
Muscular |
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Muscles attach to the skeleton |
Muscular |
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•Keeps the blood continuously supplied with oxygen while removing carbon dioxide •Contributes to the acid-base balance of the blood via it's carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer system |
Respiratory |
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Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs |
Respiratory |
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•Picks up fluid leaked from the blood vessels and returns it to the blood •Cleanses blood of pathogens and other debris •Houses cells (lymphocytes and others) that act in the immune response to protect the body from foreign substances (antigens) |
Lymphatic/ immune |
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Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and tonsils |
Lymphatic/immune |
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Mouth, esophagus, stomach, Small and large intestines, and accessory structures (teeth, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas) |
Digestive |
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•Breaks down ingested foods to tiny particles, which can be absorbed into the blood for delivery to the body's cells •undigested residue leaves the body as feces |
Digestive |
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•Supports and protects internal organs •Provides levers for muscular action •Stores minerals (calcium and others) •Cavities provide a site for blood cell information |
Skeletal |
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Bones, cartilages, tendons, ligaments, and joints |
Skeletal |
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Male: Testes, scrotum, penis, and duct system, which carries sperm to the body exterior Female: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina |
Reproductive |
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•Produces germ cells (sperm) for producing offspring •Produces germ cells (eggs); the female uterus houses a developing fetus until birth |
Reproductive |
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Activities promoted by the muscular system, such as propelling yourself from one place to another by running or swimming and manipulating the external environment with our nimble fingers |
Movement |
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-^[H+], drop in pH -pH: 0-6.99 -pH scale is logarithmic: a pH 5 solution has 10 times more H+ than a pH 6 solution |
Acidic solution |
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-Drop [H+], ^ pH -pH 7.01-14 |
Alkaline solution |
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• Adenine- containing RNA nucleotide with two additional phosphate groups •Main storage form of energy in the body |
ATP |
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•DNA and RNA -Largest molecules in the body •Contain C,O,H,N, and P •Building block= nucleotide, composed of N- containing base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group |
Nucleic acids |
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•The cell is the smallest structural and functional living unit •organism functions depend on individual and collective cell functions •Biochemical activities of cells are dictated by their specific subcellular structures •continuity of life has a cellular basis |
Cell theory |
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•All cells have some common structures and functions |
Generalized cell |
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3 basic parts of human cell |
1. Plasma membrane- flexible outer boundary 2. Cytoplasm- intracellular fluid containing organelles 3. Nucleus- control center |
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Tonicity -Isotonic -Hypertonic -Hypotonic |
-isotonic-a solution with the same solute concentration as that of the cytosol -Hypertonic- a solution having greater solute concentration than that if the cytosol -Hypotonic- a solution having lesser solute concentration than that of the cytosol |
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4 concepts of cell theory |
1. A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. When you define cell properties, you define the properties of life. 2. The activity of an organism depends on both the individual and the combined activities of it's cell. 3.according to the principles of complementarity of structure and function, the biochemical activities if cells are dictated by their shapes or forms, and by the relative number of the subcullar structures they contain. 4.cells can only arise from other cells |
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The outer boundary of the cell which acts as a selectively permeable barrier |
Plasma membrane |
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The intracellular fluid packed with organelles, small structures that perform specific cell functions |
Cytoplasm |
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An organelles that controls cellular activities. Typically the nucleus lies near the cells center |
Nucleus |
