Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Levels of Organization
|
1.Atoms 4.Organs
2.Cells 5.Systems 3. Tissues 6.The human organism |
|
|
Atoms
|
The chemical level that is the smallest unit of matter that participate in chemical reactions
|
|
|
Molecules
|
Two or more atoms joined together
|
|
|
Cells
|
The basic structural and functional units of an organism
|
|
|
Tissues
|
Consist of groups of similarly specialized cells and the substances surrounding them that usually arise from a common ancestor and perform special functions
|
|
|
Organs
|
Structures of definite form that are composed of two or more different tissues and have specific functions
|
|
|
Systems
|
Consist of related organs that have a common function
|
|
|
The human organism
|
A collection of structurally and functionally integrated systems: any living individual
|
|
|
The three noninvasive techniques to assess certain aspects of the body
|
Palpation, Auscultation, and Percussion
|
|
|
Palpation
|
The examiner feels body surfaces with the hands. ex. heart rate, pulse
|
|
|
Auscultation
|
The examiner listens to body sounds to evaluate the functioning of certain organs. ex. listening to lungs or heart
|
|
|
Percussion
|
The examiner taps on the body surface with his fingertips and listens to the resulting echo
|
|
|
Characteristics of the living human organism
|
-Metabolism -Growth
-responsiveness - Differentiation -movement -Reproduction |
|
|
Metabolism
|
the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body, including catabolism and anabolism
|
|
|
Responsiveness
|
The ability to detect and respond to changes in the external or internal environment
|
|
|
Movement
|
Includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, or even organelles inside cells
|
|
|
Growth
|
an increase in size and complexity, due to an increase in the number of cells, size of cells, or both
|
|
|
Differentiation
|
The change in a cell from an unspecialized state to a specialized state
|
|
|
Reproduction
|
Refers either to the formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement, or the production of a new individual
|
|
|
Homeostasis
|
A condition of equilibrium in the body's internal environment produced by the ceaseless interplay of all the body's regulatory processes
|
|
|
Intracellular fluid
|
Fluid inside body cells
|
|
|
Extra-cellular fluid
|
Fluid outside body cells. Often called the the body's internal environment. Found in two principal places:
-The narrow spaces between cells of tissues is called interstitial, or tissue fluid -ECF in blood vessels is termed plasma |
|
|
Feedback system
|
Ac cycle of events in which information about the status of a condition is continually monitored and fed back to a central center
|
|
|
Stimulus
|
Any disruption that changes a controlled condition
|
|
|
A feedback system consists of:
|
-A receptor
-The control center -An effector |
|
|
Receptor
|
Monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input in the form of nerve impulses or chemical signals to a control center
|
|
|
Control center
|
set the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from the receptors, and generates output commands when they are needed
|
|
|
Effector
|
A body of structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition
|
|
|
Negative Feedback
|
Reverses a change in a controlled condition
|
|
|
Positive Feedback
|
Tends to strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body's controlled conditions
|
|
|
Anatomical position
|
Subject stands erect facing the observer, the upper extremities are placed at the sides, the palms of the hands are turned forward, and the feet are flat on the floor
|
|
|
Cranial
|
Skull
|
|
|
Thoracic
|
Chest
|
|
|
Brachial
|
Arm-upper
|
|
|
Patellar
|
Knee
|
|
|
cephalic
|
Head
|
|
|
Axillary
|
Armpit
|
|
|
Gluteal
|
Buttock
|
|
|
Popliteal
|
Back of knee
|
|
|
Femoral
|
Thigh
|
|
|
Plantar
|
Sole
|
|
|
Superior
|
Closer to the head
|
|
|
Inferior
|
Away from the head
|
|
|
Dorsal/Ventral
|
At the back of the body
|
|
|
Ventral/Anterior
|
A the front of the body
|
|
|
Medial
|
Nearer to the midline of the body (heart lies medial to the lungs)
|
|
|
Lateral
|
Further from the midline of the body (The thumb is on the lateral side of the hand)
|
|
|
Proximal
|
Near to the attachment of the limb to the limb to the trunk (Knee is proximal to the ankle
|
|
|
Distal
|
Farther from the attachment of the limb to the trunk
|
