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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Homeostasis |
Maint. Of constant and “normal” internal environment |
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Steady state |
Physiological variable is unchanging but not necessarily “normal” |
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Intracellular control systems |
Protein breakdown and synthesis Energy production Maint. Of stored nutrients |
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Organ systems- pulmonary and circulatory systems |
Replenish oxygen and remove carbon dioxide |
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Biological control system |
Series of interconnected components that maintain a physical or chemical parameter at a near constant level |
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Components of biological control system |
Sensors and receptors detect changes in variables Control centers asses input and initiate responses Effector changes internal environment back to normal |
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Negative feedback |
Response reverses initial disturbance Insulin decreases blood glucose |
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Positive feedback |
Response increases initial stimulus Hormones increase uterine contractions in childbirth |
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Gain of a control system |
Degree to which a control system maintains homeostasis |
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Examples of homeostatic control |
Regulation of body temp Regulation of blood glucose |
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Adaptation |
Changes in structure or function of cell or organ system Increased ability to maintain homeostasis |
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Acclimation |
Adaptation to environmental stresses (heat stress) Increased function of existing homeostatic system |
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Cell signaling |
Communication between cells using chemical messengers |
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Metabolism |
Sum of all chemical reactions occurring in the body |
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Anabolic |
Building up of molecules |
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Catabolic |
Breakdown of molecules |
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Bio genetics |
Process of converting foodstuffs to usable energy |
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Cell membrane (sarcolemma) |
Semipermeable membrane separates cell wall from outside environment |
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Nucleus |
Contains genes that regulate protein synthesis |
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Cytoplasm (Sarcoplasm) |
Fluid in cell, contains organelles |
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Endergonic reactions |
Endothermic, require energy to be added in |
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Exergonic |
Release energy (exothermic) |
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Coupled reactions |
Release of energy in exergonic reaction drives endergonic reaction |
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Oxidation-reduction reactions |
Always coupled reactions |
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Oxidation |
Removal of an electron |
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Reduction |
Addition of an electron |
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Forms of NAD |
Oxidized- NAD+ Reduced- NADH |
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Forms of FAD |
Oxidized- FAD Reduced- FADH2 |
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Enzymes |
Catalysts that regulate speed of reactions |
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Factors that regulate enzyme activity |
Temperature pH |
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Glycogen |
Stored glucose in liver and muscle. Muscle glycogen used first |
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Glycogenolysis |
Breakdown of glycogen to glucose |
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Gluconeogenesis |
Protein converted to glucose in the liver |
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Glycolysis |
Degradation of glucose and glycogen |
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Anaerobic pathways |
Phosphocreatine breakdown Glycolysis |
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Aerobic pathways |
Oxidative phosphorylation |
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Glycolysis occurs in |
Cytosol |
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Ox phos occurs in |
Mitochondria |
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Ox phos |
Electrons removed from NADH and FADH are passed along a series of carriers to produce ATP |
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Each NADH in ox phos produces |
2.5 ATP |
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Each FADH in ox phos produces |
1.5 ATP |
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ATP balance sheet |
Originally believe that 1 glucose molecule produces 38 ATP Now know 1 glucose produces 32 ATP |
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Overall efficiency of aerobic respiration |
34% 66% energy released as heat |
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Free radicals |
Formed in mitochondria Molecules with unpaired electron in outer orbital |
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Rate limiting enzymes |
Regulate the rate of metabolic pathway |
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Phosphofructokinase |
Main rate limiter of glycolysis |
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Creatine kinase |
Main rate limiter of ATP-Pc system |
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Isocitrate dehydrogenase |
Main rate limiter of krebs |
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Cytochrome oxidase |
Main rate limiter of electron transport chain |
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Short-term high intensity exercise |
Glycolysis Mostly anaerobic energy systems |
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Long term low to moderate intensity |
Majority of ATP produced from aerobic sources |
