Evolution Life History

Front 1

What is the basis of life history evolution?

Back 1

Balancing the tradeoffs between growth, maintenance survival, and reproduction.

Front 2

Life history

Back 2

an individual’s pattern of allocation, throughout life, of time and energy to various fundamental activities such as growth, repair of cell and tissue damage, and reproduction

Front 3

Lifetime reproductive success

Back 3

the number of offspring produced by an individual in their lifetime

Front 4

How do blue footed boobies deal with tradeoffs?

Back 4

They allow themselves a year off from breeding so their feet get a chance to brighten.

Front 5

Life history and maturation

Back 5

some animals will mature and reproduce early, others will be slower.

Front 6

What is the fundamental tradeoff between offspring size and number?

Back 6

The more you have, the smaller they’ll be. The less you have the bigger they’ll be. Imagine if a human had a litter. Ain’t no one got time for that.

Front 7

What is the ideal organism?

Back 7

Mature at birth, continuously producing offspring that are large and many, and live forever.

Front 8

Senescence

Back 8

a decline with age in reproductive performance, physiological function, or probability of survival

Front 9

Senescence reduces what?

Back 9

An individual’s fitness

Front 10

Shouldn’t aging be opposed by natural selection?

Back 10

Yes. Longevity evolves.

Front 11

The mutation accumulation hypothesis:

Back 11

mutations that impact fitness late in life are under weak selection. The selection on early acting mutations is strong because that will affect your fitness. By the time you’re old, it’s not going to be an issue with fitness.

Front 12

As age increases so does

Back 12

the severity of inbreeding depression, because as you age the late-acting deleterious alleles are at higher frequency under mutation-selection balance b/c selection is weaker on deleterious alleles.

Front 13

Neutral theory

Back 13

the rate of accumulation of neutral mutations is equal to the mutation rate.

Front 14

Pleiotropy

Back 14

single gene influences multiple traits

Front 15

Antagonistic pleiotropy

Back 15

when the alleles at a locus entail both benefits and costs

Front 16

Antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis for senescence

Back 16

mutations conferring fitness benefits early in life and fitness costs late in life will be under positive selection when the benefits outweigh the costs.

Front 17

Antagononistic pleiotropy hypothesis

Back 17

mutations conferring fitness benefits early in life and fitness costs later in life can be advantageous

Front 18

Early v late reproduction

Back 18

those who breed earlier in life will have a higher lifetime reproductive success. If you give a nest an extra egg in the first year, they will lay fewer eggs for the rest of their life.

Front 19

Why: populations with lower rates of ecological mortality should evolve delated senescence

Back 19

Lower mortality means more individuals will live long enough to deal with the late life deleterious mutations, and they will live long enough to experience long life costs.

Front 20

Connective tissue physiology

Back 20

Collagen fibers form crosslinks between proteins as we age making our tendons stiffer.

Front 21

How many offspring do brown kiwi have?

Back 21

1 large egg

Front 22

How many offspring do sea urchins have

Back 22

100k-200k eggs but they don’t really survive well

Front 23

Lack’s (47) Hypothesis

Back 23

natural selection will favor the clutch size that maximizes the number of surviving offspring

Front 24

Where is the highest diversity of vascular plants and other groups?

Back 24

Tropics

Front 25

Are the patterns of diversity random?

Back 25

No

Front 26

Biogeography

Back 26

the study of the distributions of populations, species, and higher taxa, including both the causes and consequences of distributions.

Front 27

Historical biogeography

Back 27

the study of the historical circumstances that contributed to the distributions of taxa

Front 28

Ecological biogeography

Back 28

the study of the ecological circumstances that contribute to the distributions of taxa

Front 29

Endemic

Back 29

of a taxon, restricted to a certain region of locality

Front 30

Who initiated the field of biogeography?

Back 30

Darwin and Wallace

Front 31

Who is the father of biogeography?

Back 31

Wallace

Front 32

If species give rise to descendants that live in the same region, similarities between regions must be due to?

Back 32

Convergent evolution

Front 33

Convergent evolution

Back 33

Organisms that evolved independent of each other, but due to similarities in the ecology, they evolved similarities in phenotype

Front 34

Darwin’s biological evidence for evolution?

Back 34

Remote islands only have species that are capable of long distance dispersal. Most species are closely related to mainland species. The proportion of endemic species on an island is highest when the opportunity for dispersal to the island is low. Island species bear marks of continental ancestry

Front 35

What are the four historical factors that effect the distributions of taxa?

Back 35

Extinction, dispersal, range shifts, vicariance.

Front 36

Extinction

Back 36

Mass death of a species that will remove it from an area.

Front 37

Range expansion

Back 37

The animal is introduced to a new area, or migrates to a new area, and expands the range from the initial place as much as possible.

Front 38

Long distance dispersal

Back 38

Species will move from main lands to islands. Think of tortoises or long range birds.

Front 39

Wallaces line

Back 39

splits bali and Lombok. It was a line expressing the difference between fauna and flora between different countries. This was before plate tectonics were a thing so he put a line without realizing that there was more distance between them once upon a time.

Front 40

Hybrid zones

Back 40

places where species run to/into during ice ages.

Front 41

What do range shifts leave behind?

Back 41

Relict populations

Front 42

Relict populations

Back 42

populations which are far away from where the majority of the population lives. Occurs because of contraction and expansion of the species range.

Front 43

Vicariance

Back 43

the separation of a continuously distributed ancestral taxon into separate parts due to the development of geographical or ecological barriers

Front 44

Area cladogram

Back 44

phylogeny of land

Front 45

Gonwanaland

Back 45

South America, Africa, india, Antarctica, Australia, and the Arabian peninsula.

Front 46

Predicted topology

Back 46

if the radiation of chameleons was mediated by Gondwana vicariance

Front 47

Where did marsupials evolve?

Back 47

South America

Front 48

What is the evolutionary processes driving regional species richness?

Back 48

Speciation, extinction, dispersal (Immigration and emigration)

Front 49

Speciation does what to diversity?

Back 49

Increase

Front 50

Extinction does what to diversity?

Back 50

Decrease

Front 51

Great American biotic interchange?

Back 51

Some species between north and south America have been interchanged throughout time

Front 52

Is the great American biotic interchange balanced?

Back 52

No

Front 53

What is the great American biotic interchange imbalance?

Back 53

50% of South American species coming from a north American ancestor, but only 10% of north American species are from south America. Possibly NA had better competitors, possibly dealing with the savannah during migration would be easier for NA. But SA doesn’t really travel north easily.