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173 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
a trait that increases the ability of an individual to survive or reproduce compared with individuals without that trait
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adaptation
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the divergence of a clade into populations adapted to many different ecological niches (allopatry)
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adaptive radiation
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a trait that increases the fitness of its bearer
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adaptive trait
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the contribution an allele males to the phenotype that is independent of the identity of the other alleles at the same or different loci
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additive effect
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differences among individuals in a population that are due to additive effects of genes
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additive genetic variation
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any factor that causes individuals with certain phenotypes to have, on average, higher fitness than individuals with other phenotypes
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agent of selection
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variant forms of a gene, or variant nucleotides sequences at a particular locus
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alleles
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the hypothesis that speciation occurs when populations become geographically isolated and diverge because selection and drift act on them independently
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allopatric model
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living in different geographical areas
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allopatry
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distinct forms of an enzyme, encoded by different alleles at the same locus
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allozymes
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behaviour that decreased the fitness of the actor and increases the fitness of the recipient
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alturism
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descent with modification but no speciation
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anagenesis
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describes a trait that was possessed by the common ancestor of the species on a branch of an evolutionary tree
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ancestral
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a chemical typically extracted fro a microorganisms that kills bacteria by disrupting a particular biochemical process
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antibiotic
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a portion of a protein that is recognized by the immune system and initiates a response
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antigenic site
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occurs when individuals tend to mate with other individuals with the same genotype or phenotype
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assortative mating
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a mutation that reverses the effect of a previous mutation; typically a mutation that restores function after a loss-of-function mutation
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back mutation
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extinction that are not part of mass extinction events;thought to be due to typical types and rates of environmental change or species interactions as opposed to the extraordinary environmental changes that occur during mass extinctions
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background extinction
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a large scale but short term reduction in population size followed by an increase in population size
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bottleneck
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that fraction of the total phenotypic variation in a population that is caused by genetic differences among individuals
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broad sense heritability
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a region of DNA that has been flipped, so that the genes are in reverse order; results in lower rates of crossing over and thus tighter linkage among loci within the in-version
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chromosome inversion
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the set of species descended form a particular common ancestar
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clade
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a systematic change along a geographical transect in the frequency of a genotype and phenotype
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cline
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the prob. that the alleles at any particular locus in the same individual are identical by descent from a common ancestor
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coefficient of inbreeding (F)
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the probability that the alleles at any particular locus in two different individuals are identical by descent form a common ancestor
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coefficient of relatedness (r)
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that which occurs when interaction between species over time lead to reciprocal adaptation
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coevolution
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an experiment in which individuals form different populations or treatments are reared together under identical conditions
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common garden experiment
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a research progeam that compares traits and environments across taxa and looks for correlations that test hypotheses about adaptation
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comparative method
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similarity between species that is caused by a similar, but evolutionary independent response to a common environmental problem
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convergent evolution
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species that are indistinguishable morphologically, but divergent in songs, calls, odor, or other traits
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cryptic species
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describes a trait that was not possessed by the common ancestor of the species on a branch of an evolutionary tree
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derived
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a difference between the average survival, fecundity, or number of matins achieved by individuals with certain phenotypes versus individuals with other phenotypes
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differential success
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an animal that develops from two basic embryonic cell layers
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diploblast
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fitness that is due to the production of offspring
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direct fitness
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that which occurs when individual fitness tends to increase or decrease with the value of phenotypic trait can result in steady evolutionary change in the mean value of the trait in the population
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directional selection
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occurs when individuals with more extreme values of a trait have higher fitness; can result in increased phenotypic variation in a population
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disruptive selection
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differences among individuals in a population that are due to nonadditive effects of genes, such as dominance
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dominance genetic variation
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lack of morphological change over a long interval of evolution, despite many short-term changes during the same interval
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dynamic stasis
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a lineage of protosome animals distinguished by the prescence of molting
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ecdysozoan
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differences among individuals in a population that are due to difference in the environments they have experiences
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environmental variation
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descent wit modification; changes in allele frequencies over time
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evolution
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in game theory, a strategy or set of strategies that cannot be invaded by a new, alternative strategy
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evolutionary stable strategy
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that which occurs when an adaptation in one species reduces the fitness of individuals in a second species thereby selecting in favor of counter-adaptations in the second species.
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evolutionary arms race
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a diagram of the relationships of ancestry and descent among a group of species or populations
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evolutionary tree
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a nucleotide sequence that occurs between introns and that remians in the messenger RNA after the introns have been spliced out
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exon
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living today
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extant
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the number of gametes produced by an individual; usually used in reference to the number of eggs produced by a female
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fecundity
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the extent to which an individual contributes genes to future generations, or an individuals score on a measure of performance expected to correlate with genetic contribution to future generation
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fitness
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the elimination from a population of all the alleles at a locus but one
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fixation
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any trace of an organism that lived in the past
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fossil
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the complete collection of fossils, located in many institutions around the world
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fossil record
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the establishment of a new population usually by a small number of individuals
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founder effect
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an insertion of deletion in a coding region of a gene in which the length of the inserted or deleted sequence is not a multiple of three causes the codons downstream of the mutation to be translated in the wrong reading frame
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frameshift mutation
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occurs when an individuals fitness depends on the frequency of its phenotype in the population
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frequency-dependent selection
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the set of all copies of all gamete genotypes in a population that could potentially be contributed by the members of one generation to the members of the next generation
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gamete pool
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generation of an extra copy of a locus, usually via unequal crossing over
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gene duplication
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a group of loci related by common descent and sharing identical or similar function
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gene family
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the movement of alleles form one population to another population, typically via the movement of individuals or via the transport of gametes by wind, water or pollinators
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gene flow
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the set of all copies of all alleles in a populations that could potentially be contribute by the members of one generation to the members of the next generation
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gene pool
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a statistic that summarizes the number of genetic differences observed between populations or species
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genetic distance
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change in the frequencies of alleles in a population resulting from sampling error in drawing gametes from the gene pool to make zygotes and fro chance variation in the survival and/or reproductive success of individuals
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genetic drift
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differences among individuals in a population that are due to differences in genotype
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genetic variation
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Differences in the effect of the environment on the phenotype displayed by different genotypes
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genotype-by-environment interaction
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a sequence of eons, eras, periods, epochs, and stages that furnish a chronology of Earth history
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geological time scale
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a bar chart that represents the variation among individuals in a sample
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histogram
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the time required for half of the atoms of a radioactive material, present at any time, to decay into a daughter isotope
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half life
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an inequality that predicts when alleles for altruism should increase in frequency
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hamiltons rule
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a situation in which allele and genotype frequencies in an ideal population do not change from one generation to the next, because the population experiences no selection, no mutation, no migration, no genetic drift, and random mating
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Hardy Weinberg eqilbirium
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in the broad sense that fraction of the total phenotypic variation in a population that is caused by genetic differences among individuals; in the narrow sense that fraction of the total variation that is due to the additive effects of genes
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heritability
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the fraction of the individuals in a population that are heterzygotes
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heterozygousity
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classically defined as curious structural similarity between species despite difference in function. Today defined as similarity between species that results form inheritance of traits from a common ancestor
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homology
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similarity in the characters found in different species that is due to convergent evolution, parallelism, or reversal-not common descent
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homoplasy
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the movement of genetic material across species barriers
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horizontal gene transfer
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a geographical region where differentiated populations interbred
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hybrid zone
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describes alleles, within a single individual or different individuals, that have been inherited form the same ancestral copy of the allele
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identical by descent
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mating among kin
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inbreeding
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reduced fitness in individuals or populations resulting from kin matings
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inbreeding depression
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an individuals total fitness; the sum of its indirect fitness (relatives reproduction) and direct fitness (own reproduction)
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inclusive fitness
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a type of mutation based on the insertion or deletions of one or more bases
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indel
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fitness that is due to increased reproduction by relatives made possible by the focal individuals actions
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indirect fitness
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the hypothesis that phenotypic changes in the parental generation can be passed on intact to the next generation
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inheritance of acquired traits
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in genetics, occurs when the effect of an allele on the phenotype depends on the other alleles present at the same or different loci
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interaction
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differential mating success among individuals of one sex due to interactions with members of the other sex
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intersexual selection
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differential mating success among individuals of one sex due to interactions with members of the same sex
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intrasexual selection
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a noncoding stretch of DNA bases that occurs between the coding regions of a gene and that must be spliced out after transcription
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intron
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natural selection based on indirect fitness gain
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kin selection
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a group of ancestral and descendant populations or species that are descended form a common ancestor
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lineage
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a mutation that incapacities a gene,so that no functional product is produced
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loss-of-function
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large evolutionary change, usually in morphology, typically refers to evolution of differences among populations that would warrant their plaecment in different genera or higher-level taxa
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macroevolution
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a large scale sudden extinction event that is geographically and taxonomically wide spread
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mass extinction
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variation among individuals due to variation in nongenetic influences exerted by their mothers
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maternal effect
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a locus whose alleles obey Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment
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Mendelian gene
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changes in gene frequencies and trait distributions that occur within populations and species
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microevolution
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the mean phenotype of an individuals two parents
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midparent value
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the mean phenotype of the offspring within a family
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midoffspring
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in evolution, the movement of alleles form one population to another typically via the movement of individuals or via the transport of gametes by wind, water or pollinators
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migration
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the broad based effort accomplished during the 1930s and 1940s to unite mendelian genetics with the theory of evolution by natural selection
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modern synthesis
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the hypothesis that base substitutions accumulate in populations in a clock-like fashion
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molecular clock
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the set of species (or populations) descended from a common ancestor
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monophyletic group
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structural form, or physical phenotype
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morphology
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describes an equilibrium in the frequency of an allele that occurs because new copies of the allele are created by mutation exactly the same rate that old copies of the allele are eliminated by natural selection
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mutation-selection balance
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an interaction between two individuals, typically of different species, in which both individuals benefit
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mutualism
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the fraction of the total phenotypic variation in a population that is due to the additive effects of genes
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narrow sense hertability
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a difference on average between the survival or fecundity of individuals with certain phenotypes compared with individuals with other phenotypes
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natural selection
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selection against deleterious mutations
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negative selection
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a mutation that has no effect on the fitness of the bearer
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neutral (mutation)
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a theory that models the rate of fixation of alleles with no effect on fitness; also associated with the claim that the vast majority of observed base substitutions are neutral with respect to fitness
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neutral theory
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a point on an evolutionary tree at which a branch splits into two or more subbrances
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node
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A dna substitution that changes the amino acid sequence specified by the gene
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nonsynonymous substitution
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mating among unrelated individuals
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outbreeding
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genes that diverged after a speciation even; describes the relationship among homologous genes found in different species
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orthologous
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a taxonomic group that diverged prior to the rest of the taxa in a phylogenetic analysis
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outgroup
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the study of fossil organisms
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palentology
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duplicated genes found in the same genome; decribes the relationship among members of the same gene family
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paralogous
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a set of species that includes a common ancestor and some but not all of its descendants
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paraphyletic group
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expenditure of time and energy on the provision, protection, and care of an offspring
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parental investment
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a criterion for selecting among alternative patterns or explanations based on minimizing the total amount of change or complexity
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parsimony
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variation under environmental influence in the phenotype associated with a genotype
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phenotypic plasticity
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the total variation among the individuals in a population
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phenotypic variation
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the evolutionary history of a group
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phylogeny
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alteration of a single base in a DNA sequence
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point mutation
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a set of species that are grouped by similarity but no descended from a common ancestor
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polyphyletic group
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a node, or branch point, on a phylogeny with more than two descendent lineages emerging
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polytomy
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for sexual species, a group of interbreeding individuals and their offspring; for asexual species, a group of individuals living in the same area
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population
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the branch of evolutionary biology responsible for investigation process that cause changes in allele and genotype frequencies in populations
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population genetics
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selection in favour of advantageous mutations
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positive selection
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reproductive isolation between populations caused by dysfunctional development or sterility of hybrid forms
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postzygotic isolation
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reproductive isolation between populations caused by differences in mat choice or timing of breeding so that no hybrid zygotes are formed
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prezygotic isolation
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a lineage of animals that share a pattern of development, including spiral cleavage and formation of the mouth before anus
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protosome
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the branch of evolutionary biology responsible for investigation the evolution of continuously variable traits that are influence by the combined effects of genotype at many loci and the environment
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quantitative genetics
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a trait for which phenotypes fall into discrete categories
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qualitative trait
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a trait for which phenotypes do not fall into discrete categories but instead show continuous variation among individuals
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quantitative trait
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a collection of techniques that allow researches to indentify chromosomal regions containing loci that contribute to quantitative traits
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QTL mapping
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techniques for assinging absolute ages to rock samples, based on the ration of parent-to-daughter radioactive isotopes present
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radiometric dating
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the pattern of phenotypic plasticity exhibited by a genotype
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reaction norms
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an exchange of fitness benefits, separated in time, between two individuals
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reciprocal alturism
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the frequency, during meiosis, of crossing over between two linked loci
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recombination rate
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natural selection that results in assortative mating in recently diverged populations in secondary contact
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reinforcement
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techniques for assigning relative ages to rock strata based on assumptions about relationships between newer and older rocks
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relative dating
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the fitness of an individual, phenotype, or genotype, compared with others in the population
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relative fitness
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a DNA substitution that changes the amino acid or RNA sequence specified by a gene
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replacement subsitution
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the number of viable, fertile offspring produced by an individual
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reproductive success
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in quantitative genetics, the difference between the mean phenotype of the offspring of the selected individuals in a population and the mean phenotype of the offspring of all individuals
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response to selection
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an event that results in the reversion of a derives trait to the ancestral form
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reversal
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location on a phylogeny of the common ancestor of a clade
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root
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when two populations that have diverged in isolation from a common ancestor are reunited geographically
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secondary contact
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a variable used in population genetics to represent to difference in fitness between one genotype and another
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selection coefficient
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a measure of the strength of selection used in quantitative genetics
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selection gradient
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the viewpoint that natural selection is responsible for a significant percentage of substitutions events observed a the molecular level
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selectionist theory
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an interaction between individuals that results in a fitness gain for one individual and a fitness loss for the other
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selfishness
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a difference between the phenotypes of females versus males within a species
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sexual dimorphism
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a difference among members of the same sex between the average mating success of individuals with a particular phenotype versus individuals with other phenotypes
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sexual selection
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a DNA subsititution that does no change the amino acid specified by the gene
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silent subsitutions
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groups of interbreeding populations that are evolutionary independent of other populations
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species
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lineages that diverged from the same ancestral node on a phylogenetic tree
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sister taxa/sister species
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behaviour that decreases the fitness of both the actor and the recipient
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spite
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that which occurs when individuals with intermediate values of a trait have higher fitness
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stabilizing selection
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lack of change
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stasis
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fixation of a new mutation in a population
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substitution
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living in the same geographical area
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sympatric
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a shared, derived character
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synapomorphy
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the ends f the branches on a phylogenetic tree which represents extinct or living taxa
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tips
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an inescapable compromise between one trait and another
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trade off
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in DNA a mutatuion that subsitutes a purine for a purine or a pyrimidine for a pyrimidine
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transition
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a species that exhibits traits common to ancestral and derived groups, especially when the groups are sharply differentiated
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transitional form
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in DNA a mutation that substitutes a purine for a pyrimidine or a pyrimidine for a purine
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transversion
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an animal that develops three basic embryonic cell layers
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triploblast
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a crossing over event between mis paired DNA strands that results in the duplication of sequences in some daughter strands and deletions in others
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unequal crossing over
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the assumption that processes identical to those at work today are responsible for events that occurred in the past
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uniformitarianism
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unused traits that are homologous to fully functional traits in closely related species
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vestigial traits
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splitting of a population's former range into two or more isolated patches
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vicariance
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the damage inflicted by a pathogen on it hosts
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virulence
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a phenotype or allele common in nature
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wild type
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