Evolution Exam 4

Front 1

What does the evolutionary tree describe?

Back 1

The pattern and in some cases the timing of events that occurred as species diversified.

Front 2

Since we don't have a direct knowledge of evolutionary history in majority of cases, what must be done for phylogenetic trees?

Back 2

The trees must be inferred from other extant species.

Front 3

What is a sister species?

Back 3

Species derived from the same most recent common ancestor

Front 4

What is homology?

Back 4

Characters shared between species because of common descent; they were in the common ancestor of the species.

Front 5

What matches this definition?

Back 5

Characters shared due to convergence; that is similarity due to either chance or common selective pressures.

Front 6

What is similarity?

Back 6

Saying that two characters appear similar without making any claim about common descent or convergence

Front 7

What is autapomorphy and synapomorphy?

Back 7

Autapomorphy-derived in a single lineage

Synapomorphy- derived in a series of lineages

Front 8

What is symplesiomorphy?

Back 8

Found in an ancestor of a group but not all of the members of the group have the character

Front 9

What is apomorphy?

Back 9

Derived homology

Front 10

What is plesiomorphy?

Back 10

Ancestral homology

Front 11

What is a monophyly?

Back 11

Descendants from a single common ancestor; only these are used in cladistic classification

Front 12

What is paraphyly?

Back 12

A group that includes some but not all of the descendants of a most recent common ancestor.

Front 13

What is a polyphyly?

Back 13

A group that doesn't share a most recent common ancestor

Front 14

What can be used to create a clade without any ambiguity?

Back 14

Use a synapomorphy since this is derived homology from a series of lineages

Front 15

Why can't symplesiomorphies be used to create clades?

Back 15

Because symplemorphies have traits found in an ancestor of a group but not all of the members of the group have the character.

Front 16

What can never be used to make inferences about relationships?

Back 16

Analogies

Front 17

By definition all __________ where ________ and then all ________ where _________.

Back 17

Symplemorphies
Synamorphies
Anamorphies

Front 18

Synapomorphies identify ___________ groups

Back 18

Monophyletic

Front 19

Synpomorphies are shared, derived traits

Back 19

Just know

Front 20

Any group that includes an ancestor and all of its descendants is called a ___________ ______

Back 20

Monophyletic group(or clade or lineage)

Front 21

How do homologous traits in each population change. They change due to what forces?

Back 21

Selection
Drift
Mutation

Front 22

In cladics the character state in the group of interest is the what group?

Back 22

Ingroup

Front 23

What is a problem with reconstructing phylogenies?

Back 23

Alot of species share similar traits that are analogous rather than homologous.

Front 24

What are some example of analogous traits?

Back 24

Camera eye
Wings of birds and bats
Shapes of sharks and whales
Limbs of snakes and legless lizards

Front 25

How do analogous traits arise?

Back 25

These traits evolve ind. in different lineages due to convergent evolution which occur when natural selection favors similar structures as solutions to problems posed by similar environments.

Front 26

What is reversal?

Back 26

This a mutation at a nucleotide that will result in the original nucleotide.

Front 27

What is homoplasy?

Back 27

This is similarities that are not due to homology

Front 28

How can homology be distinguished?

Back 28

By analyzing many traits in reconstructing evolutionary relationships

Front 29

If a character is lost multiple time is this homology or homoplasy?

Back 29

Homology

Front 30

How is parsimony involved in cladistics?

Back 30

Under parsimony, the preferred phylogenetic tree is the tree that requires the least evolutionary change to explain some observed data.

Front 31

When is morphological traits better than molecular?

Back 31

Molecular when there is a compeliing method of determing homology from homoplasy and when you are studying fossils.

Morph is bad because it is a slow process and requires a highly trained expert.

Front 32

When is molecule traits better than using molecular traits?

Back 32

Molecular is inexpensive, possible to minimize homoplasy and there are ways to minimize probabily that reversals happened

Front 33

Besides using parsimony, what is another way to evaluate which tree is the most optimal?

Back 33

Researchers can use maximum likelihoood and Bayesian Markov Chain

Front 34

What is the best approach when creating a phlogeney?

Back 34

Produce a consensus tree under parsimony

Use statistical tests to evaluate the best trees under ML and Bayesian

Then compare the best trees under parsimony, ML and Bayesian

Front 35

In ML and Bayesian, if you are trying to evaluate branches in a tree you can simply compare a tree with and without a particular branch and compute which one is more likely. With trees created by parsimony what do you do?

Back 35

You have to use bootstrapping

Front 36

How can SINEs or LINE be used to resolve conflicts concerning phylogenies?

Back 36

LINE or SINE are DNA sequences that occasionally insert themselves into new locations in the genome, The presence or absence of a particular SINE or LINE at a homologous location in the genomes of two different species can be used as a trait in phylogeny inference.

Front 37

The presence or absence of each SINE or LINE acts as a ___________ that identifies exacly _______ clade in the phylogeny.

Back 37

Synapomorphy
One

Front 38

What is it called when classification schemes depend on analyses of similarity?

Back 38

Phenetic approaches

Front 39

Naming schemes that are based on evolutionary relationships are called ________ or __________ approaches.

Back 39

Cladistic
Phylogenetic

Front 40

When using the cladistic approach in ref. to naming shemes, what group can not be nammed? Mono- or para phyletic

Back 40

Paraphyletic

Front 41

How is calbration rate determined?

Back 41

Measure the genetic distance between two taxa whose divergence date is known from the fossil record and then use this calibration to date divergene times of groups that have no fossil record.

Front 42

What is phylogeography?

Back 42

This is when researchers use phylogenies use phylogeny to understand why certain species are found in certain parts of the world.