Evolution And Diversity Of Green And Land Plants

Front 1

What are two formal names for the green plants?

Back 1

Viridplantae or Chlorobionta

Front 2

What are apomorphies for the green plants?

Back 2

Cellulosic Cell Wall

Front 3

The bulk of the primary cell wall of green plants is composed of what substance?

Back 3

Cellulose - beta-1,4-glucopyranoside

Front 4

Is the cell wall synthesized inside or outside of the plasma membrane?

Back 4

Outside

Front 5

What are the unique features of green plant chloroplasts?

Back 5

Chlorophyll b in addition to chlorophyll a, starch, and thylakoid membranes structured into grana.

Front 6

What is oogamy

Back 6

Evolution of the egg, a relatively large, non-motile gamete.

Front 7

Describe and give the function of plasmodesmata

Back 7

These are holes in the primary cell wall and allow for cell-to-cell communication by transfer of larger molecules between cells.

Front 8

What is the formal name for the land plants?

Back 8

Embryphyta

Front 9

Name the major apomorphies of the land plants

Back 9

Sporophyte/embryo (2n), with alternation of generations, cuticle, parenchyma, antheridia, archegonia

Front 10

What is an embryo?

Back 10

An immature, diploid sporophyte.

Front 11

What is a sporangium?

Back 11

A reproductive structure produced by the sporophyte, cells of which (sporocytes) undergo meiosis, producing haploid spores.

Front 12

Name the possible adaptive features of the sporophyte?

Back 12

a) A large increase in spore production.

b) A diploid ploidy level, with an increased fitness

Front 13

What are cutin and cuticle?

Back 13

A cuticle is a protective layer that is secreted to the outside of the cells of the epidermis. Cutin is the substance, composed of a polymer of fatty acids, that impregnates the cuticle and the outer, cellulosic cell wall of the epidermis, functioning as a sealant, preventing excess water loss.

Front 14

Define apical growth and parenchyma

Back 14

Apical growth is rapid cell divisions at the apex of the stem, shoot, and thallus or (in most vascular plants) of the root, in the region called the apical meristem. Parenchyma is tissue consisting of cells that most resemble the unspecialized, undifferentiated cells of actively dividing meristematic tissue, that are (a) are elongate to isodiametric; (b) have a primary cell wall only (rarely a secondary wall); and (c) are living at maturity and potentially capable of continued cell divisions. Parenchyma cells function in metabolic activities such as respiration, photosynthesis, lateral transport, storage, and regeneration/wound healing.

Front 15

In land plants, what is the name of the pectic-rich later between adjacent cell walls that functions to bind them together?

Back 15

Middle lamella.

Front 16

What is antheridium?

Back 16

Gametangium that produces haploid sperm cells.

Front 17

What is an archegonium

Back 17

Gametangium that produces a haploid egg cell.

Front 18

What is the formal name of liverworts?

Back 18

Hepaticae.

Front 19

Name two apomorphies of the liverworts

Back 19

Elaters; oil cells.

Front 20

What is the function of elaters?

Back 20

Spore dispersal, by hygroscopic movement.

Front 21

What are the two major morphological forms of liverworts? Which is ancestral?

Back 21

Thalloid and leafy. Thalloid is likely ancestral.

Front 22

What are gemmae and gemma cups?

Back 22

Vegetative propagules and the cup-like structure that contains them.

Front 23

What is an antheridiophore?

Back 23

Stalked structure that produces antheridia on upper surface;

Front 24

What is an archegoniophore?

Back 24

Stalked structure that produces archegonia beneath.

Front 25

what land plant groups possess stomates?

Back 25

All land plants except for the liverworts.

Front 26

What possible apomorphies are shared by the mosses, hornworts, and vascular plants?

Back 26

Stomates and an aerial sporophyte axis.

Front 27

What is the formal name of the mosses?

Back 27

Musci

Front 28

What is a calyptra?

Back 28

accrescent archegonial neck, lifted up by capsule during sporophyte development

Front 29

What is a stipe?

Back 29

stalk of sporophyte

Front 30

What is an operculum?

Back 30

Cap of capsule, which comes off during spore release

Front 31

What is a peristome tooth?

Back 31

one of several, teeth-like structures at perimeter of capsule opening that control spore release by hygroscopic movement

Front 32

What is the scientific name of peat moss?

Back 32

Sphagnum

Front 33

What feature of the leaf anatomy of pet moss enables the leaves to absorb and retain water?

Back 33

Large, non-living, porous hyaline cells (surrounded by a network of chlorophyllous cells).

Front 34

How is peat moss economic importance?

Back 34

Fuel source and potting medium

Front 35

What is the formal name of hornworts?

Back 35

Anthocerotae

Front 36

How are chloroplasts thought to have originated?

Back 36

Endosymbiosis

Front 37

What feature of the sporophyte might unite the hornworts with the vascular plants?

Back 37

Sporophyte is chlorophyllous, somewhat long-lived, with an often lobed foot, resemling rhizoids.

Front 38

What is the function of pseudo-elaters, and how do they differ structurally from the elaters of liverworts?

Back 38

Spore dispersal, by hygroscopic movement. They differ in being composed of elongate, cohering cells.

Front 39

What apomorphy links the Pan-Tracheophyta/polysporangiophytes with the vascular plants?

Back 39

A branched sporophyte with multiple sporangia.