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45 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Allopatric Speciation
Biological populations of the same species being isolated so gene flow can no longer occur
Allopolyploid
Chromosomes derived from different species
Altruism
Behaviour of an animal benefits another at its own cost
Analogous
Resembling structures not through evolutionary development (bat wing and bee wing)
Autopolyploid
Multiple chromosomes sets derived from a single species. Can arise from spontaneous, naturally occurring genome doubling
Autotrophs
Use light for energy to produce organic compounds
Behaviour sterility
Hybrid reaches maturity, but fails to show courtship behaviour
Bottleneck
Reduction of variation in a gene pool (alleles) so when a species repopulated there is less diversity of alleles
Convergent evolution
Two sets of organisms faced with similar conditions that have converged to the same solution
Directional selection
Mode in selection in which a single phenotype is favoured
Disruptive selction
Extreme values of traits are favoured
Endemic species
Any species defined to only one area in the world
Endopolyploid
Diploid organism which have polyploid tissue
Evolution
Genetic change (allele frequency) over time which is usually gradual
Fitness
Relative probability of survival and reproduction for a given genotype
Fixation
The state where every individual in a population has the same allele at a particular locus
Founder effect
Loss of genetic variation where a small population of species with fewer alleles inhabits and repopulates an area
Gene flow
Transfer of genes/alleles from one population to another
Gene pool
Total number of genes in a population of a species
Genetic drift
Change in allele frequency due to random sampling
Hamilton's Rule
The probability that at a random locus, the alleles there will be identical by descent
Heterotrophs
An organism that cannot fix carbon and requires organic carbon for growth
Homologous
Characteristic derived from common ancestor
Homologous structures
Bat wing - whale fin - human arm - bird wing - crocodile leg - cat leg
Chimpanzee, gorilla and human skulls
Neck of giraffe and human
Hybrid invalidity
Hybrid fails to develop or reach sexual maturity
Hybrid Zones
Ranges where two interbreeding species meet and hybridize
Inclusive fitness
Sum of its classical fitness and the number of equivalents of its own offspring it can add to the population by supporting others
Isolating mechanisms (reproductive)
Prezygotic - geographical, temporal, behavioural, mechanical, gametal, ecological

Postzygotic - zygotic mortality, hybrid sterility, hybrid break down, hybrid viability
Kin selection
Animals will engage in altruism to save members of their own family since families share own genes and the organism it's saving it's own genes indirectly
Molecular clock hypothesis
Is a technique used in molecular evolution which uses fossil constraints and rates of molecular change to deduce the time in which two species diverged. Thus, the molecular clock hypothesis can be used to approximate speciation
Morphospecies
A species distinguished by others by it's own features i.e. it's structure and form
Neutral theory
Vast majority of evolutionary changes at the molecular level are caused by random drift of selectively neutral mutants
Olfaction
Sense of smell
Over dominance
Where a phenotype of heterozygote lies outside the range of both the homozygote parents
Phylogeny
Study of evolutionary relation about groups of organisms
Polyploid
An organism which contains more than two pairs of homologous chromosomes
Postzygotic isolation
Inability for the zygote/fetus to survive post fertilisation
Prezygotic isolation
Inability to fertilise a zygote from gamete or mechanical isolation
Speciation
Change and divide in species
Stabilizing selection
Genetic diversity decreases and selection occurs at the most popular genotype against extremes
Sympathetic speciation
New species evolving from a single ancestory but in the same geographical region
Transitional form
An organism which has immediate features of it's ancestors or progeny.
Molecular clock
Can be based on any shared DNA, RNA or protein molecule
Microevolution
A change in allele frequency
What is Pax6?
Study which demonstrated that the vertebrate and flye eye sector genes had conserved their function over evolution