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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Allopatric Speciation
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Biological populations of the same species being isolated so gene flow can no longer occur
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Allopolyploid
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Chromosomes derived from different species
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Altruism
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Behaviour of an animal benefits another at its own cost
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Analogous
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Resembling structures not through evolutionary development (bat wing and bee wing)
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Autopolyploid
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Multiple chromosomes sets derived from a single species. Can arise from spontaneous, naturally occurring genome doubling
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Autotrophs
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Use light for energy to produce organic compounds
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Behaviour sterility
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Hybrid reaches maturity, but fails to show courtship behaviour
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Bottleneck
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Reduction of variation in a gene pool (alleles) so when a species repopulated there is less diversity of alleles
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Convergent evolution
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Two sets of organisms faced with similar conditions that have converged to the same solution
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Directional selection
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Mode in selection in which a single phenotype is favoured
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Disruptive selction
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Extreme values of traits are favoured
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Endemic species
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Any species defined to only one area in the world
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Endopolyploid
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Diploid organism which have polyploid tissue
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Evolution
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Genetic change (allele frequency) over time which is usually gradual
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Fitness
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Relative probability of survival and reproduction for a given genotype
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Fixation
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The state where every individual in a population has the same allele at a particular locus
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Founder effect
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Loss of genetic variation where a small population of species with fewer alleles inhabits and repopulates an area
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Gene flow
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Transfer of genes/alleles from one population to another
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Gene pool
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Total number of genes in a population of a species
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Genetic drift
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Change in allele frequency due to random sampling
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Hamilton's Rule
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The probability that at a random locus, the alleles there will be identical by descent
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Heterotrophs
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An organism that cannot fix carbon and requires organic carbon for growth
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Homologous
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Characteristic derived from common ancestor
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Homologous structures
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Bat wing - whale fin - human arm - bird wing - crocodile leg - cat leg
Chimpanzee, gorilla and human skulls Neck of giraffe and human |
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Hybrid invalidity
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Hybrid fails to develop or reach sexual maturity
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Hybrid Zones
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Ranges where two interbreeding species meet and hybridize
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Inclusive fitness
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Sum of its classical fitness and the number of equivalents of its own offspring it can add to the population by supporting others
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Isolating mechanisms (reproductive)
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Prezygotic - geographical, temporal, behavioural, mechanical, gametal, ecological
Postzygotic - zygotic mortality, hybrid sterility, hybrid break down, hybrid viability |
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Kin selection
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Animals will engage in altruism to save members of their own family since families share own genes and the organism it's saving it's own genes indirectly
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Molecular clock hypothesis
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Is a technique used in molecular evolution which uses fossil constraints and rates of molecular change to deduce the time in which two species diverged. Thus, the molecular clock hypothesis can be used to approximate speciation
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Morphospecies
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A species distinguished by others by it's own features i.e. it's structure and form
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Neutral theory
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Vast majority of evolutionary changes at the molecular level are caused by random drift of selectively neutral mutants
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Olfaction
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Sense of smell
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Over dominance
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Where a phenotype of heterozygote lies outside the range of both the homozygote parents
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Phylogeny
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Study of evolutionary relation about groups of organisms
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Polyploid
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An organism which contains more than two pairs of homologous chromosomes
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Postzygotic isolation
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Inability for the zygote/fetus to survive post fertilisation
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Prezygotic isolation
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Inability to fertilise a zygote from gamete or mechanical isolation
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Speciation
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Change and divide in species
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Stabilizing selection
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Genetic diversity decreases and selection occurs at the most popular genotype against extremes
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Sympathetic speciation
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New species evolving from a single ancestory but in the same geographical region
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Transitional form
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An organism which has immediate features of it's ancestors or progeny.
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Molecular clock
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Can be based on any shared DNA, RNA or protein molecule
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Microevolution
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A change in allele frequency
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What is Pax6?
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Study which demonstrated that the vertebrate and flye eye sector genes had conserved their function over evolution
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