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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Telelogy?
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argument for the existence of god based on design and purpose. The belief that there was a supernatural being that made life possible. Simply, "God created it"
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What is vitalism?
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There is a vital force directing our lives. Vitalists ascribe to living beings as a vital force that cannot be explained by any physical or chemical principles.
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What is Mechanism
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You could explain life by looking at physical or chemical processes that an organism was going though. We can understand life in the way that it functions like a machine
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What is Reductionism?
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It means understanding the individual components of the whole organism
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What is Holism?
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the whole is greater than the separate little pieces. The pieces have to be functionally together for it to mean anything.
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Who were the ancient materialist and what did they emphasize?
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They emphasized nature over form. They were
1) Thales 2) Anaximander 3) Empedocles 4) Democritos 5) Epicurus 6) Lucretius |
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Thales
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Tradition initiator. Initiated the tradition of looking at the material world. "Life initiated in the moist" It originated from the sea
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Anaximander
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1) Considered the "first evolutionary biologist"
2)Looked at the order of something from simple to complex. 3) Life arose from water, simple to complex, and then you reach man. Man descended from a sea creature that walked onto land. He thought the water was so inhospitable, that we had to come out of it. |
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Empedocles
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1) Earth, Water, Air, Fire were acted upon by attraction and repulsion forces.
2) Suggested that life initially started with unorganized parts (parts and organs were floating freely and combining together to form whole organisms) The organisms that adapted to some purpose survived and those that didn't perished. |
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Democritos
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formed the atomic theory. Said "all matter is composed of circulating little particles" speculation of atom
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Epicurus
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codified ideas of other ancient materialists, especially those of Democritos
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Lucretius
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had natural selection ideas in "De rerum natura (On the nature of things). Wrote that living things survive by adaptation to their environment and if they do not, they shall parish.
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What group comes after the Ancient Materialist?
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Classical Traditionalist
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What are the main ideas of classical traditionalist?
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They have the idea of "Idealism" No matter what something looks like, there is an ideal form to that. We are all variations of human that came from the perfect human.
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What did classical traditionalist emphasize?
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They emphasized abstract form over materialism
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What are the characteristics of an Ethicists?
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Form over nature (eidos) Ethics is about telling people the truth.
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Who are the Ethicists?
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Socrates, Plato, but the real giant is Aristotle.
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Plato
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Assumed that only ideal generalizations are real; all else was merely a shadowy illusion
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Aristotle
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Classifier of living things - suggested that not only were species immutable but that there was a hierarchical order of species from most imperfect to most perfect, a concept refined over centuries at the "Great Chain of Being"
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Linnaeus
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Revolutionized systematics by using the species as the basic unit and building a hierarchical system from species upward to larger taxonomic categories.
Came up with the binomial system of nomenclature |
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Eidos
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Out of idealism came some ideal form. "Form" = Eidos - eidos is an idealized type of something! It is eventually going to become the term "species" - a representation of the type of species that is recorded in public record
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Scala Natura
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ladder from being inanimate to animate, than plant - animal - man. Aristotle expanded this view to a chain-like series of forms called the scale of nature, with each form representing a link in the progression from least perfect to most perfect.
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What comes after classical traditionalists?
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Renaissance Period of Classicism
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What are the characteristics of the Renaissance period of classicism?
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Revival of study of the human form/nature. Return to the study of Botany and pharmacology
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Who is associated with the Renaissance period of Classicism?
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1) Versalius
2) Harvey 3) Grew 4) Ray 5) Descartes 6) Gutenberg 7) Fuchs/Brunfels 8) Linnaeus |
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Versalius
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anatomist
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Harvey
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anatomist
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Descartes
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Came up with mechanism/reductionism
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Brunfels/Fuchs
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"Father of Botany" Involved in plant science and pharmacology
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Gutenberg
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In charge of the printing press -
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Grew
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Classifiers of Life (identified plant sexual parts)
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Grew figured out that plants can either be what..or what..
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monoecious - In monoecious species, each individual has reproductive units that are merely female and reproductive units that are merely male. Individuals bearing separate flowers of both sexes at the same time
Dioecious - each individual has reproductive units that are either merely male or merely female. That is, no individual plant of the population produces both |
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Ray!
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the greatest classifier of organisms before Linneaus. Grouped animals based on appearances. Also looked at ventricles
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Linnaeus
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devised the methods of classification, founder of systematics He would start of broad and go more specific Grouped things closely related to morphology,
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What were the classes produced by Linnaeus?
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Kingdom, Phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
Gave us Bionomial Nomenclature |
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What came after the Renaissance period of classicism?
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Protestant Reformation - "French"
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What characterized the Protestant Reformation - "French"
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Breakdown of Classicism - return to looking at the real world as it is , not the way we want it to be (breakdown of idealism)
Before, the church controlled everything however people began to realize that they could think for themselves, they did not need the church! |
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Who was in the Protestant Reformation - "French"?
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1) Buffon
2) Monboddo 3) Bonnet 4) LeMarck 5) Voltaire/ Maupertius |
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Buffon
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Classifier - continuum - nominalism
Believed there was a melting of the lineage from one to another. He maintained that a species was a "real" but static unit Introduced the idea that perhaps species distinctions should be made on he basis of weather fertile or sterile hybrids were produced. |
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Monboddo
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Anthropologist that discussed missing links
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Bonnet
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Pre-formation Theory. Thought that in the sperm of a male was a preformed embryo
Preformation embodied the idea that at conception, each embryonic organism is preformed as a perfect replica of the adult structure. His work led to the word evolutionary! |
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Aristotle was a believer in Epigenesis
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an embryo develops by gradually differentiating undifferentiated tissues into organs that were not present at conception
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Lemark
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Theory of Acquired Inheritance via use and disuse; coinage of terms vertebrate/invertebrate
Got everything right about evolution except the mechanism. He believed in use/disuse |
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Voltaire/ Maupetius
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scale of nature was an escalator rather than a fixed entity.
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Who was involved in Protestant Reformation - "French" (2)
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LeMarck
Cuvier Brongniart |
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Cuvier
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"Divine replacement of Life" - he believed in the "fixity of species" It was made by god and it stayed the same, he created his own divine placements
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What were Cuvier's Placements?
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1) Velebrata
2) Mollusca - clams, snalls 3) Articulata - arthopods, insects, and earth worms 4) Radiata- jelly fish |
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How would you advance in Cuvier's Divine placements?
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A catastrophe would ruin everything. Each would have a simple first version - and then a terrible event would eliminate everything and then you would go to a second higher level.
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Brongniart
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embroylogist? Involved with developmental biology
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What came after Protestant Reformation (French) 2?
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Protestant Reformation - English
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Who was involved in Protestant Reformation - "English"
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Erasmus Darwin
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Erasmus Darwin
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Believed in "self-directed" design - independent will. He thought that if there was a change in the environment that required a change in the animal. The animal sought out the answer to that solution.
Animals could direct the change because of the environment. |
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What came after Protestant Reformation - "English"
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Romanticism/Natural Philosophy
Happened mainly in Germany! |
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What is Romanticism/ Natural Philosophy characterized by?
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A movement back to nature
Bauplan (a blueprint for the way the body of an organism is laid out) Homology Analogy |
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Who was involved in Romanticism/ Natural Philosophy
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1) Goethe
2) Oken 3) Schleiden 4) Schwann 5) Brown 6) Virchow 7) Owen 8) Paley 9) Malthus |
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Goethe
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The creation of each level of organism is based on a fundamental plan: an archetype (bauplan)
Plants sexual parts come from stems/leaves; Thought cervical vertebrae part of skull bones. |
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Oken
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Thought "protoplasm" as basis for life. All things in a lineage developed from the same plan and protoplasm is the living material that is the same in everyone.
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Schleiden
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Plant cells
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Schwann
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Animal cells
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Brown
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Cell's nucleus (nuclear basis of a cell)
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Virchow
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The basis of disease was a cell and all things came from pre-existing cells
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Owen
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Things are homology or analogy in structure
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Homology
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Traits inherited by two different organisms from a common ancestor
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Analogy
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Similarities due to convergent evolution, not common ancestry.
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Paley
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Clergyman who led Darwin to the natural selection theory
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Malthus
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Natural selection idea with negative and positive checks. Darwin for the idea of an excess of progeny competing for limited resources.
War, Famine, and disease are positive checks |
