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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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monkeys appeared in
pliocene paleocene pleistocene miocene oligocene eocene mesozoic silurian devonian ordovician cambrian carboniferous permian cretaceous jurassic triassic miocene holocene |
oligocene
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apes appeared in
pliocene pliocene paleocene pleistocene miocene oligocene eocene mesozoic silurian devonian ordovician cambrian carboniferous permian cretaceous jurassic triassic miocene holocene |
miocene
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rodents appeared in
pliocene paleocene pleistocene miocene oligocene eocene mesozoic silurian devonian ordovician cambrian carboniferous permian cretaceous jurassic triassic miocene holocene |
late paleocene
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great american interchange in:
pliocene paleocene pleistocene miocene oligocene eocene mesozoic silurian devonian ordovician cambrian carboniferous permian cretaceous jurassic triassic miocene holocene |
late pliocene
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glaciers in
pliocene paleocene pleistocene miocene oligocene eocene mesozoic silurian devonian ordovician cambrian carboniferous permian cretaceous jurassic triassic miocene holocene |
plesitocene
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afrotherians appear
pliocene paleocene pleistocene miocene oligocene eocene mesozoic silurian devonian ordovician cambrian carboniferous permian cretaceous jurassic triassic miocene holocene |
eocene
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most of todays organisms began appearing in
pliocene paleocene pleistocene miocene oligocene eocene mesozoic silurian devonian ordovician cambrian carboniferous permian cretaceous jurassic triassic miocene holocene |
pleistocene
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whales appeared in
pliocene paleocene pleistocene miocene oligocene eocene mesozoic silurian devonian ordovician cambrian carboniferous permian cretaceous jurassic triassic miocene holocene |
eocene
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seed plants appeared
pliocene paleocene pleistocene miocene oligocene eocene mesozoic silurian devonian ordovician cambrian carboniferous permian cretaceous jurassic triassic miocene holocene |
end of devonian
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large forest ecosystems in
pliocene paleocene pleistocene miocene oligocene eocene mesozoic silurian devonian ordovician cambrian carboniferous permian cretaceous jurassic triassic miocene holocene |
mid silurian
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diapsids dominated in
pliocene paleocene pleistocene miocene oligocene eocene mesozoic silurian devonian ordovician cambrian carboniferous permian cretaceous jurassic triassic miocene holocene |
mesozoic
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fish dominated in
pliocene paleocene pleistocene miocene oligocene eocene mesozoic silurian devonian ordovician cambrian carboniferous permian cretaceous jurassic triassic miocene holocene |
devonian
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earliest chordates in
pliocene paleocene pleistocene miocene oligocene eocene mesozoic silurian devonian ordovician cambrian carboniferous permian cretaceous jurassic triassic miocene holocene |
cambrian
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end of what period was 2nd largest mass extinction
pliocene paleocene pleistocene miocene oligocene eocene mesozoic silurian devonian ordovician cambrian carboniferous permian cretaceous jurassic triassic miocene holocene |
ordovician
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most animal body plans evolved in _____
most dramatic adoptive radiation ever pliocene paleocene pleistocene miocene oligocene eocene mesozoic silurian devonian ordovician cambrian carboniferous permian cretaceous jurassic triassic miocene holocene |
cambrian
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pangea begin breaking in ___more specifically in _____
pliocene paleocene pleistocene miocene oligocene eocene mesozoic silurian devonian ordovician cambrian carboniferous permian cretaceous jurassic triassic miocene holocene |
mesozoic, jurassic
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biggest mass extinction at the end of
pliocene paleocene pleistocene miocene oligocene eocene mesozoic silurian devonian ordovician cambrian carboniferous permian cretaceous jurassic triassic miocene holocene |
permian
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age of reptiles
pliocene paleocene pleistocene miocene oligocene eocene mesozoic silurian devonian ordovician cambrian carboniferous permian cretaceous jurassic triassic miocene holocene |
mesozoic
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laurasia splits in
pliocene paleocene pleistocene miocene oligocene eocene mesozoic silurian devonian ordovician cambrian carboniferous permian cretaceous jurassic triassic miocene holocene |
jurassic
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gonwanaland splits in
pliocene paleocene pleistocene miocene oligocene eocene mesozoic silurian devonian ordovician cambrian carboniferous permian cretaceous jurassic triassic miocene holocene |
late cretacious
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highest global temps in mid
pliocene paleocene pleistocene miocene oligocene eocene mesozoic silurian devonian ordovician cambrian carboniferous permian cretaceous jurassic triassic miocene holocene |
creatcious
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marine revolution
pliocene paleocene pleistocene miocene oligocene eocene mesozoic silurian devonian ordovician cambrian carboniferous permian cretaceous jurassic triassic miocene holocene |
mesozoic
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angiospems arise in
pliocene paleocene pleistocene miocene oligocene eocene mesozoic silurian devonian ordovician cambrian carboniferous permian cretaceous jurassic triassic miocene holocene |
cretacious
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dino extinction
pliocene paleocene pleistocene miocene oligocene eocene mesozoic silurian devonian ordovician cambrian carboniferous permian cretaceous jurassic triassic miocene holocene |
end of cretacious
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birds appear
pliocene paleocene pleistocene miocene oligocene eocene mesozoic silurian devonian ordovician cambrian carboniferous permian cretaceous jurassic triassic miocene holocene |
late jurrassic
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flowing plants appear
pliocene paleocene pleistocene miocene oligocene eocene mesozoic silurian devonian ordovician cambrian carboniferous permian cretaceous jurassic triassic miocene holocene |
early cretacious
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insects appear ____ but current lineages mostly from_____
pliocene paleocene pleistocene miocene oligocene eocene mesozoic silurian devonian ordovician cambrian carboniferous permian cretaceous jurassic triassic miocene holocene |
late devonian, early carboniferous, mid to late mesozoic
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2/3 mammal evolution in
pliocene paleocene pleistocene miocene oligocene eocene mesozoic silurian devonian ordovician cambrian carboniferous permian cretaceous jurassic triassic miocene holocene |
mesozoic
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marsupial and placental mammals in
pliocene paleocene pleistocene miocene oligocene eocene mesozoic silurian devonian ordovician cambrian carboniferous permian cretaceous jurassic triassic miocene holocene |
late cretacious
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land bridge siberia and alaska in
pliocene paleocene pleistocene miocene oligocene eocene mesozoic silurian devonian ordovician cambrian carboniferous permian cretaceous jurassic triassic miocene holocene |
beginning of cenozoic
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snake radiation
pliocene paleocene pleistocene miocene oligocene eocene mesozoic silurian devonian ordovician cambrian carboniferous permian cretaceous jurassic triassic miocene holocene |
oligocene
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human fossils start appearing in
pliocene paleocene pleistocene miocene oligocene eocene mesozoic silurian devonian ordovician cambrian carboniferous permian cretaceous jurassic triassic miocene holocene |
late miocene
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lots of diatoms and whale diversity in
pliocene paleocene pleistocene miocene oligocene eocene mesozoic silurian devonian ordovician cambrian carboniferous permian cretaceous jurassic triassic miocene holocene |
oligocene
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first synapsids
pliocene paleocene pleistocene miocene oligocene eocene mesozoic silurian devonian ordovician cambrian carboniferous permian cretaceous jurassic triassic miocene holocene |
carboniferous
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therapsids
pliocene paleocene pleistocene miocene oligocene eocene mesozoic silurian devonian ordovician cambrian carboniferous permian cretaceous jurassic triassic miocene holocene |
late permian
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cynodant therapsids
pliocene paleocene pleistocene miocene oligocene eocene mesozoic silurian devonian ordovician cambrian carboniferous permian cretaceous jurassic triassic miocene holocene |
late permian to early jurassic
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bugs were big during the _____probably because there was a ton of available oxygen
pliocene paleocene pleistocene miocene oligocene eocene mesozoic silurian devonian ordovician cambrian carboniferous permian cretaceous jurassic triassic miocene holocene |
carboniferous
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transitional between land and sea for whales
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ambulocetus
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earliest clue for whale evolution, same teeth as terrestrial mammals
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durodon
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evidence of land to water transition
what ratio is higher in salt water? |
Isotopic analysis of fossil teeth.
Fossil analysis of hindlimb loss O18/O16 |
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ambulocetids may have drank ____ water
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brackish
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the ______is still present in living whales but only as a tiny vestige buried in the body of the whale
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pelvis
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Baleen completely replaced teeth in ______
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Mysticetes
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cataceans are
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whales
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idealism or essentialism
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plato
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originated concept of the “scale of life” (later called the “great chain of being” or the “ladder of life”).
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Aristotle
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In the _____, species are fixed and do not evolve, a view of life prevailed for over 2000 years.
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scala naturae
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a philosophy that the Creator’s plan (perfection and progress) could be revealed by studying nature
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natural theology
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a fundamental primitive form influenced by the great chain of being
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archetype
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understood that extinction was a common occurrence in history of life since, from stratum to stratum, new species appeared and others disappeared
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Cuvier
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Although his mechanism of evolution was in error, Lamarck deserves credit for proposing that evolution is the best explanation for both
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the fossil record and the extant diversity of life
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Species arise as distinct entities.
Diverse environments give rise to new varieties |
Georges-Louis Buffon
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First geological map and fossil correlation of strata
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William Smith
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Darwin Recommended by ____ as a gentleman companion to _____ of HMS Beagle for an around the world expedition in 1831
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Reverend John Henslow, Captain Robert FitzRoy
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Darwin Studied geology while reading Principles of Geology by ____
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Lyell
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___and _____in populations make natural selection possible
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Variation and overproduction
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On the average, the most fit individuals pass their genes on to more offspring than less fit individuals which results from ____ favoring some variations over others.
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environmental editing
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It was the _____ of species that first suggested common descent to Darwin,
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geographical distribution
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homologous structures (structures that are similar because of ____ and _____
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common ancestry and embryological position
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embryology showed that all _____descended from aquatic ancestors with gills
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vertebrates
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Everything from cellular components, gene structure, human anatomy to ecosystem function is confusing when seen from viewpoint of intelligent design but makes sense only as a product of evolutionary process.
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Dobzhansky
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that species could originate as result of genetic divergence of geographically separated species
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allopatric speciation
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in late 1960’s which holds that most DNA sequences evolve by genetic drift rather than natural selection.
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neutral evolution
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The most common method for determining the age of rocks and (indirectly fossils) on an absolute time scale (as opposed to relative) is
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radiometric dating
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Radiometric dating indicates that the earth is ---billion years old
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4.6
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The universe is estimated at ---- years old
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14 billion
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Life has existed for about 3.5 billion years and the oldest animal fossils are about --- years old
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800 million
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Many lines of evidence can be used to date fossils but by calculating the ages of the layers of volcanic ash above and below the fossil, the upper and lower temporal boundaries
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bracketing
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still constitute most of the Earth’s biodiversity
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Microbes
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The evolution of ---- gradually allowed oxygen to build up in the atmosphere
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cyanobacteria
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. According to this hypothesis, the Eukarya arose from the fusion of a bacterium with an archaean as proposed by Rivera and Lake based on the genetic pattern described at right
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The ring of life
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– A great radiation (possibly triggered by the increasing nitrogen availability) gave rise to many
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"protozoan” and “algal” lineages
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Earliest fossils of unambiguous multicellular eukaryotes (---) date to 1.6 bya
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algae
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multicellularity arose independently for
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animals and fungi
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Early animal life resemble ---- that are not like other living animals (no true tissues).
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sponges (Parazoa)
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Ediacaran fauna are diverse and unique animals dominated the oceans
Are the oldest known good fossil remains for animals in the |
Proterozoic
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Ediacaran fauna :Some may have been stem groups to the ---
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Cnidaria and Bilateria
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Molecular studies show that animals most closely related to the ---
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choanoflagellate protists
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The Metazoa are divided into:
composed of three branches: |
• basal radiates
• bilateral animals deuterostomes, and 2 protostome groups (Lophotrohozoa and Ecdysozoa). |
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The Ediacaran fauna was replaced by new groups of animals during the
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Cambrian Period
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These Burgess Shale and Chengjiang faunas are dominated by large,--- animals with well-developed segmentation, heads, and appendages
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bilaterally symmetric
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A combination of genetic and ecological causes may account for the rapid Cambrian diversification.
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– Regulatory genes governing the differentiation of body parts (e. g., Hox) may have undergone changes at this time.
– The extinction of the Ediacarian fauna due to a great increase in O2 levels |
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This Ediacarian extinction brought about a diversity of
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feeding methods
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The possibly second-largest mass extinction ended the Ordovician.
– Probably caused by ---- |
drop in sea level and global temperature
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Most Ordovician animals were ---
Some such as bivalves took up an ---habit |
epifaunal (live on sea floor surface).
infaunal (burrowing) |
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Ordovician Faunas
The major large predators appeared to be |
nautiloids and starfishes
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Possibly the most dramatic adaptive radiation in the history of life
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cambrian period
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• The two subclasses of bony fishes or --- would diversify greatly during the late Devonian:
– Actinopterygii – Sarcopterygii |
1Osteichthyes
2or ray-finned fishes later giving rise to the most diverse of modern vertebrates, the teleost fish. 3 or lobe-finned fish giving rise to lungfishes, rhipidistians and eventually, tetrapods. |
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During the---, cephalopods (eg. nautiloids and ammonoids) competed with fishes for positions as top predators in the world’s oceans
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Paleozoic
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---are among the most highly developed and intelligent of living invertebrates
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– Cephalopods
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Terrestrial plants believed to be monophyletic descendants of --
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green algae
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Early plants resembled ---showing spores and sporangia.
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mosses and liverworts
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End of the ---, land plants had become highly diversified. (ferns, club mosses, and horsetails the size of large trees) but depended on water for fertilization.
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Devonian
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As plants evolved, the --- grew to dominate land plant life cycles (gametophyte inconspicuous).
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sporophyte
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Seed plants appeared by the end of the ---
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Devonian
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Ichthyostegid
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(Acanthostega, Ichthyostega) “amphibians”, the first known terrestrial tetrapods (and “amphibians”) arose from elpistostegid osteolepiform lobe-fins (Panderichthyes, Tiktaalik) in the late Devonian.
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• Ichthyostegid (Acanthostega, Ichthyostega) “amphibians”, the first known terrestrial tetrapods (and “amphibians”) arose from elpistostegid osteolepiform lobe-fins (Panderichthyes, Tiktaalik) in the---
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late Devonian.
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a time of widespread tropical climates which favored the development of extensive swamp forests.
– Dominated by horsetails, ferns, and club mosses. – Formed the coal beds mined today |
The Carboniferous (354-290 Mya),
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Seed plants began to slowly diversify at this time using wind dispersed pollen
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The Carboniferous (354-290 Mya),
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Hemimetabolous
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flying insects evolved and rapidly diversified during the Carboniferous
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Amphibians” became very diverse at this time but most would be gone when the Paleozoic ended
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The Carboniferous (354-290 Mya),
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• Amniotes evolved from amphibian ancestors sometime during the---
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late Carboniferous
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Teleost fish
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(the most diverse lineage of living vertebrates distinguished by many important traits including a mobile premaxillary bone (upper jaw).
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During the Permian the---(primitive pelycosaurs and more derived therapsids) were dominant amniotes
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synapsids
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As the Paleozoic ended and the Mesozoic began, the --- (obscure during the Paleozoic) would push aside synapsds to dominate the Mesozoic landscapes for about 150 Mys.
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diapsid amniotes,
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First mammals emerged from ---about150 mya Mesozoic) when dinosaurs ruled
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advanced therapsid synapsids
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---the continents approached each other and formed the single world continent by its end (Pangea).
• Sea level dropped to its lowest point in history altering climates greatly |
• During the Permian,
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By this time the Earth’s flora and fauna gradually acquiring more modern appearance.
– Birds, telosts, mammals and flowering plants appear during this era |
Mesozoic Era
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-- dominated most of Mesozoic (cycads, ginkgos, and conifers).
• As ---dawned, angiosperms appeared (though many of their anatomical features evolved individually in Jurassic gymnosperms). • Insect pollination evolved during --- |
1Gymnosperms
2Cretaceous 3Mesozoic |
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Diapsids form two great radiations:
• Lepidosauromorph • Archosauromorphs |
1 (led to lizards, and snakes (evolved from lizards), and the now extinct marine reptiles).
– trends of elongation of body and limblessness or marine habit. 2 (gave rise to dinosaurs, pterosaurs, crocodiles, birds and a host of now extinct groups). – trends of giant size or flight. |
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Dinosaurs subdivided into two diverse clades based on hip structure (among other things):
– order Saurischia – order Ornithischia • Both types arose from bipedal ancestral forms in the Triassic but neither became very diverse until the Jurassic. |
1(consisting of mostly bipedal predatory forms and mostly enormous quadrupedal, long-necked forms)
2 (all herbivores) |
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First mammals (morganucodonts)
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late Triassic and early Jurassic
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Early- ---marine community taxonomic composition similar to today.
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Cenozoic
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Perhaps replaced----(a non-placental group that originated in the Jurassic) by direct competition.
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archaic multituberculates
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Represent one of the earliest splits within placentals
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Afrotherians
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gave rise great radiation of carnivores and hoofed mammals
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Paraphyletic “condylarths”
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• Ungulates differentiated into two major lineages:
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– Artiodactyla (which first appear in Eocene)
– Perissodactyla which diversified quickly in Eocene to Miocene |
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Oldest human fossils are
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~200,000 years old
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--- connects biological diversity to phylogeny
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Systematics
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