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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Characteristics of Early Nationalism |
- origins in revolutions, ruptures and restorations surrounding the French Revolution - ideal of political left: expansion of franchise; constitutions; the nation as sovereign (vs. the king) - awakening sense of nation vis-a-vis other nations - nationalism "from below" |
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France mid 1800s |
-tensions between political change and social change - universal male suffrage--> undoing of urban social reforms of the revolution - first time as tragedy, second time as farce |
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Prussia and Frankfurt Parliament |
- tension between political change, social change, and new element: national unification - Friedrich Wilhelm IV refuses "Crown from the Gutter" - professors make terrible revolution |
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Austrian Empire |
tension between political, social, and nationalities question - crushed revolts in Vienna, Prague, Hungary, and Italy - Nicholas I (Russia) helps crush Hungarian Revolution |
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Why no British Revolution? |
- most progressive political structure at the Time - 1832 Reform Bill - Chartist Movement (trade union movement involving millions) |
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Russia |
- most restrictive political structure at the time - autocratic system: no organization possible, no free press - Nicholas I: Gendarme of Europe |
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Lessons of Failure |
-class conflict is real, can fuel a revolution, or can divide it - revolution fail without the support of the peasantry - nationalism can work against revolution as much as for it |
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Nationalism from Above |
- nationalism goes from politically left to politically right - unification comes through war not democratic revolutions - these processes were not an 'inevitable' or 'natural' result - Bismarck (Germany) and Cavour (Italy) were the 'Great Men' who shaped history |
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Italian and German Unifications |
- leads to central Europe becoming a major player - not an "inevitable" or natural result of nations "awakening" - How it happened in Italy: Piedmont's Conquests from 1859-1870 - How it Happened by Germany: a more complex version of the same thing |
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Camillo Benso Count of Cavour |
- liberal aristocrat reformer - secularizer - investments in industry, schools, press - realpolitik |
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Why Was German Unification Virtually Impossible? |
- particularism - religious divisions - no clear 'piedmont' to absorb the others - determined opposition of the European powers |
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Austria or Prussia? |
- strong rivalry between these two powers prevented a path to unification - Austria: immensely powerful; historical leader of the HRE; but catholic, multinational - Prussia: most industrialized; but 3 million poles, deeply unpopular with other German lands (associated Prussia with 'militarism') |
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How German Unification Became Possible |
- crimean war - prussian domestic crisis - bismarck |
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Crimean War |
- end of the "concert of Europe" - Russia loses - Austria weakened |
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Prussian Domestic Crisis |
- post 1848 liberal parliament - impasse over military budget - king: abdicate or coup (and face revolution) |
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Bismarck |
- the Prussian "cavour" - solves the domestic crisis - takes advantage of the 'opening' in the balance of power after crimea |
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How Bismarck Transformed Europe |
- Bismarck: Prussian Junker (aristocrat), conservative, ambassador - coopted the liberal opposition (ignores them, then convinces them to go along) - created a German Nation State through cunning series of wars - institutionalized Prussia's conservative-authoritarian dominance in new state - transformed Prussia from weakest into strongest great power |
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Domestic Legacies of Austria's Defeat |
-German confederation destroyed; Austria pushed from German affairs - Austria's attentions shift east: to balkans - Compromise of 1867: power-sharing dual monarchy= Austria Hungary |
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Problems with Hungarian "ethnicization" |
- liberal self rule leads to exclusionary nationalism - only 47% of Hungary was Hungarian - forced "Magyarization" campaigns - start of future ethnic conflicts across Austria Hungary and the Balkans |
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Two Kinds of European Expansion |
- individual settler European Migrations: Neo Europes - 'new' imperialism |
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Neo-Europes and Neo-Europeans |
- preconditions: low existing population density, temperate climate - waves of 19th century migration - cultural and ecological repercussions |
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Old European Imperialism |
- independent activity by merchants and traders (East India Company) - age of monarchies - mostly based on (unequal) trade relationships - neo-Europes: settler colonies |
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New European Imperialism |
- increasing direct intervention and control by governments - new age of democratic participation, liberal political governments - new sense of 'civilizing mission' and focus on racial or religious difference to rationalize domination - neo-Europes continue |
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Definition of New Imperialism |
- economic, social, and political relationships - common denominator: asymmetry - racial stereotypes to justify imperial rule - no matter what intent, nearly invariable outcome: incredible violence, bloodshed, domination |
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Four Reasons For Imperialism (&case studies) |
- economic relations (protecting free trade in China) - humanitarian relations (liberating Zanzibar from slavery) - strategic interventions (securing the Suez Canal) - Resource Extraction (exploiting the congo) |
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British trade and China: The Opium Wars |
- 'opening' up China for Trade - political/economic liberal ideal of 'free markets' vs. national sovereignty - opium vs. tea: Lin Tse-Hsu's letter to Queen Victoria - British traders and British Popular Opinion: intervene for free trade - Two opium wars - treaty of Nanking (1842): Free Trade over State Sovereignty - China forced to keep opium legalized |
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Humanitarian Intervention: Zanzibar |
- end of Europe's slave trad: 1807 (Britain), 1815 (Congress of Vienna) - not immediate end of slavery; British slave revolts in Barbados, Demerara, Jamaica - Arab slave trade still flourishing till late 19th century - British anti-slavery movement extends its reach - pressure on the Sultan of Zanzibar to police slave trade - misunderstanding: different conceptions of sovereignty - gradual domestic instability leads to increasing British control |
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Strategic Intervention: Egypt and the Suez Canal |
- Egypt and the Ottoman Empire - Mehmet Ali Pasha (Albanian Ottoman commander) (ruled 1805-1848) - Isma'il Pasha (ruled 1863-1879) - Ismai'l Pasha's modernization campaigns -Suez Financing |
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Suez financing crisis |
- modernization reforms lead to debt to British and French investors - Egypt sells majority stake in the Suez Canal to Britain (1875) - increasing economic intervention; Britain and France now determine Egypt's finances - 25% annual income to debt servicing; Isma'il forced to abdicate |
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Pan-Arabism |
- nationalism - religious and Islamic - anti-European, anti-turkish, anti-foreign |
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Leopold II, H.M. Stanley and the Congo |
- international Association for the Exploration and Civilization of Central Africa (1871) - Private corporation acts as a state - 500 unfair treaties in exchange for land - new industrialization and demand for rubber - forced labor as new de facto slavery; environmental destruction - debt, Belgium government intervention: "congo Free State" (= free trade) |
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Berlin: The Congo Conference |
- reaction to Leopold's massive expansion - new rule: must have 'boots on the ground' and an administration to claim territory - attempt to calm down international situation only increases the frenzy - within 15 years: entire African continent claimed by colonizers (except Liberia and Ethiopia) - within 15 years: France, Britain, Germany, Netherlands, Russia, and US colonized 1/4 of world's land surface |
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What Made Imperialism Possible |
- Economic Change and Globalization of the Industrial Revolution - Political Change within Europe - Political Change Within Europe - Scientific and Technological Developments (quinine, steamships, machine guns) |
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Faith in Technological Progress |
- relentless optimism - triumph of science and technology - spirit of discovery and commerce - duty to tame nature across the globe |
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Civilizing Mission |
- idea of progress: European Civilization as advanced - Combination of technological progress and religious conversion - "White Man's burden" - Kipling |
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Orientalism |
- fascination with the "East" - Colonial Subject as Object of Study - 'Flattening' of the Colonial Subject as "the other", compared to European Civilization |
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Saarjite (Sarah) Baartman: The Hottentot Venus |
- Khoikhoi Woman from South Africa sold into Human Zoo exhibits in London and Paris - Orientalist Medicalization of Human Bodies - Constructed as "Other" to white females - Remains dissected and displayed until the 70s |
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Empire and Mass Politics |
- mass society of the nation state drives imperial expansion: nationalism projected overseas - media plays critical role in generating imperial enthusiasm - media plays critical role in anti-imperialist sentiment - by the eve of WWI weariness and awareness of costs and burdens of empire |
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Transformation of European Politics |
- old political grouping give way to a new darker tone - from conservatives, liberals, and socialists, now increasingly to 'Christian socialists', 'nationalists', and 'Zionists' - Crisis of liberalism: gives rise to "illiberal" politics |
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Georg Schronerer |
- from liberal faith to illiberal nationalism- pan-germanism - German nationalism: unite with German empire - Socialist welfare program, but only for Catholic Germans -Anti-Semitism - self determination becomes politics of exclusion |
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Karl Lueger |
- from liberalism to populist, religious new conservatism: Christian Socialism - rejection of industrial capitalism in favor of Christian unity of workers - Anti-semitism - from ideology of old conservatives (Austrian Catholicism) to new socialist anti-Semitism: conservatism populism from below |
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Theodor Herzl |
from liberalism to separatist nationalism: zionism - from assimilation to separatism in face of rising anti-semitism - answer to Jewish Question" is a nationalist answer |
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Pan-Germanism |
from liberal faith to illiberal nationalism |
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Christian Socialism |
from liberalism to populist, religious new conservatism |
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Zionism |
from liberalism to separatist nationalism |
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Stages of Freud's Development of Psychoanalysis |
- Seduction Hypothesis: memory trigger is childhood sexual trauma - Oedipus Complex (repressed desires, not memories) - Freudian Psychoanalysis: id, ego, superego (all human development starts irrational) |
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Science, Progress, and "Positivism" |
- 19th century: age of rationality and progress (positivism) - understanding of time: from cyclical to linear (things keep getting better) - disenchantment of the world: everything can be explained by reason
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The Great Exhibition (Crystal Palace) |
- celebration of progress in the arts, manufactures, and commerce - triumph of peaceful laissez-faire social organization |
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Pinnacle of Positivism |
Darwin and the Origin of Species - dramatic biodiversity: Galapagos Islands - Evolution (species not fixed) - natural selection - sexual selection |
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Herbert Spencer |
coined the term "survival of the fittest" |
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social darwinism |
- appeared before Darwin, but mobilized and misinterpreted Darwin's ideas - Intellectual Roots: Malthus + classical liberalism + new science of sociology |
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Assumptions of Social Darwinism |
- natural and sexual selection apply to humans - population growth and resource shortages trigger struggle for existence - those with physical and mental advantages can intentionally pass those advantages to the next generation - those with disadvantages will become generationally degenerate or eliminated |
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Max Weber |
famous sociologist, said that the modern world is about disenchantment |
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Secularization trends |
- from religious rites to Civil Registrations - Religion Moves to Private Sphere - Rise of Fundamentalism |
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Religion and late 19th Century Politics: Church vs. State? |
- "the nation" as new secular religion or the nation and religion even more intertwined? - after Italian unification, Pope Pius IX reacts to nationalism by declaring papal infallibility (Syllabus of Errors) - In France conflict between ultramontanism and laicite - in Russia, Russian Orthodox Church becomes central to Russian imperial identity |
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Ultramontanism |
loyal to the ideal of papal infalliability |
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Laicite |
secular state patriotism |
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Ways that Christianity Became Globalized in the 19th Century |
- migrating populations - missionary activity - education and opportunities for both elites and outsider groups |
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Major Geopolitical Consequences of the Great War |
- collapse of 3 Empires (Austro-Hungary) - Assignment of Blame with profound consequences (Versailles "War Guilt" clause; polarized Germany and Contributed to rise of Nazism) - replacement by communist and fascist dictatorships (Russian Revolution, fascism, nazism, mass murder, 50 year division of Europe) |
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Reasons for the War |
- Systems - Decolonization - Nationalism - Industrialization |
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WWI Nationalism |
- fraternite over liberte and egalite - gather all brothers within borders |
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How did nationalism and decolonization threaten geopolitical stability? |
- increasingly dangerous power vacuum- Ottoman Empire becomes "sick man of Europe" - alliance system still works for now: Russo-Turkish War: 1877-8; Balkan crises and regional war: 1908, 1912-13 - transformation of alliances from FWB to married - across Europe: nationalism no longer just 'channeled' when convenient. determines foreign policy |
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New terms for War caused by industrialization? |
- space (railway): ability to sustain long-distance deployment; colonial troops - time (telegraph): rapid decisions, huge consequences - mass (bodies and weapons): doubling of European army sizes every 50 years from mid 18th century |
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WWI Alliances |
- peaceful Asymmetry (continental dominance) and Britain (global sea dominance) - breakdown of 'splendid isolation' (each moves into the other sphere) - Britain: scramble for new friendships with old rivals (Japan, France, Russia) - Germany's dependence on keeping Austria together: fateful structure of alliances |
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Germany's fears entering WWI |
- Austria had to be preserved as a Great Power - Germany must absolutely avoid a two front war by attacking first |
