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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Definition of Absolute Monarch
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1. Sovereignty in one person
2. Divine Right (responsible only to God) 3. Complete control of all finances (mercantilism) 4. Massive state bureaucracy to direct 5. Standing (ready to go) Army - Professional, full-time, not hired militia - Military used for expansion 6. Promoted Nationalism: common language, definite borders, shared past, sense of patriotism 7. Control of Religion (revoking Edict of Nantes) |
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Limits to Absolute Monarchy
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- Lacked technology, finances, and military to really be absolute
- Not as "absolute" as 20th century "Totaliarianism" (lack communication abilities) - Really, 17th and 18th century monarchs were administrative - Ultra-centralization was their real achievement |
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Threats to Absolute Monarchy: Outside Invasion
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- Austria: Ottomans in 1683 (siege of Vienna) and Prussia in 1740 under Frederick the Great
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Threats to A.M.: Peasant Rebellions
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- Russia (1773): Pugachev's Rebellion in the south amongst independence-minded Cossacks --> Biggest peasant revolt in history
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Threats to A.M.: Noble Backlash
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- France (1648): Early Louis XIV --> Rebellion called the Fronde
- England (1642): Puritan Revolution under Cromwell |
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Threats to A.M.: Ethnic Rebellion
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- Austria (1703): Hungarian Rebellion under Rakoczy
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Other Facts
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- Art from this period (1650-1720) usually referred to as Baroque or French Classicism
- Eastern European Absolute Monarchy (Austria, Prussia, Russia) aided by serfdom and concept of robot (3 days of unpaid labor) |
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France in the Age of Absolute Monarchy (1589-1789): 1560-1580s
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- Religious conflict/civil war
- Winner: Henry IV (Huguenot) - First Bourbons - "Paris is well worth a mass" - Edict of Nantes |
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1610
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- 2nd Bourbon: Louis XIII
- Richelieu: Father of Absolute Monarchy (30 Years War) |
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1643
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- 3rd Bourbon: Louis XIV
- 4 years old, 72 year reign (longest, most famous) - Fronde: revolt that nearly toppled the King and Monarchy - Received help from Cardinal Mazarin - "The Sun King/Apollo" - "L'etat, c'est moi ("I am the state") - Versailles/Hall of Mirrors - Rituals of power (keep nobles occupied) - Wars of conquest - To pay for everything: Mercantilism --> Finance Minister: Jean Baptiste Colbert |
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Louis XV
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- Wars with England over empire
- "Apres moi, le deluge" ("After me, the flood") |
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Prussian Absolute Monarchy
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- Before it was called Prussia --> Brandenburg (Gate, Concerto)
- Until 1714, leader's title was "Margrave" (Elector) of Brandenburg - Capital was Berlin - 2nd city was Konigsburg - One of the seven elector states of the HRE - Ruling family was Hohenzollern - Lands: Brandenburg, East Prussia, Rhineland - Known for militarism (society controlled by army) - 1st "Standing Army" in history: professional, did not go home after war, permanent - Nobility called "Junkers" ("von" in name) were officers in military |
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Prussian A.M. Continued
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- 1640-1688: Birth of absolute monarchy under Frederick Wilhelm (Great Elector)
- 1714: Elector of Brandenburg became King of Prussia - Reward for being on right side against Louis XIV - 1740: Frederick II (the Great) becomes king --> George Washington's idol - Invaded Austria and captured territory (Silesia) during the War of Austrian Succession |
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Absolute Monarchy in Russia
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- Russia was not part of Europe until 1462
- Reasons: Orthodox instead of Catholic, "Mongol Yoke" (1240-1480), no warm water ports - 1462: Duke of Moscow, Ivan III (the Great) kicks out Mongols - 1553: Ivan IV (the Terrible) comes to power - 1557: Becomes first Czar (Tsar), goes crazy and kills his two male heirs - 1580s-1613: Time of troubles |
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A.M. in Russia: Part 2
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- 1613: New czar emerges from civil war --> Michael (Mikhail) Romanov
- Heirs ruled until 1917 - Begins suppressing nobles (Boyars) - Moves Russia towards Centralization and Absolute Monarchy - Dominates Russian Orthodox Church |
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A.M. in Russia: Part 3
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- 1648: Peter Romanov (the Great)
- Westernization of Russia (New Monarch) - Gets warm water port in Great Northern War (1700-1721) against Sweden - Builds new capitol: St. Petersburg replaces Moscow, "Window on the West" - Sign of dominance: Boyars shave beards - French became official language - Peasants (Serfs) bound to land, basically slaves - Serf Rebellions: Razin's (1667), Pugachev's |
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Causes of the Scientific Revolution
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1. Medieval universities (Oxford, Cambridge, etc.) form and develop
2. Renaissance's interest in math (perspective) 3. Navigational needs of the Age of Exploration (longitude) 4. Improvements in methodology (scientific methods) 5. Protestantism not as suspicious and critical of science as catholicism |
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Pre-Scientific Revolution View of the World
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Geocentric Theory: Ptolemy
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Montaigne
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Father of Skepticism (doubt everything until proven true
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Francis Bacon
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Father of scientific method: scientific application of skepticism
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René Descartes
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- Bring science and math together
- Analytical Geometry - "I think, therefore, I am." |
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Copernicus
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- Proposed the helio-centric theory
- "Revolutionary": radical change in the world |
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Tycho Brahe
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- Gathered data for student (detailed records)
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Johann Kepler
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- Tweaks Copernicus and proves helio-centric true (earth revolves around the sun in an elliptical orbit)
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Galileo
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- Proves to common people --> telescope
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Newton
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- Invents Calculus
- Universal Laws of Motion: Gravity is a natural law (Newton was last member of scientific revolution and first member of the enlightenment) |
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Branches of Philosophy
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- Philosophy --> Philo: love, Soph: wisdom
1. Ethics: the study of moral standards (right vs. wrong) 2. Aesthetics: what is beautiful? 3. Epistemology: study of the nature of knowledge (how we know things) 4. Logic: methods of argumentation, persuasive language 5. Metaphysics: nature of existence (Why are we here?) 6. Political Philosophy: study of force, human organization |
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David Hume
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- Critic of the Enlightenment
- Rejected belief that all things were knowable - When humans are pushed, they don't act reasonably, but irrationally |
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Immanuel Kant
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- Critic of the Enlightenment
- 2 levels of reality (dualism) - Level 1: Spiritual (nomena) --> This is knowable through "reason" - Level 2: Material (phenomena) --> This is knowable through senses - "Reason": not enlightened definition. Instead, it is intuition or categorical imperative and allows us to discover moral truth |
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Jean Jacques Rousseau
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- Not an enlightened thinker
- Father of Romanticism - Heart more important than head - Did have some political contributions - Government was a contract: "the Social Contract" between government and people - Majority Rule: the general will - Nationalism: emotional bond to ethnicity - Other Works: The New Heloise, Emile (education) - Popular Sovereignty (associated with general will) - Believed people were "born free" but everywhere were in "chains" - Civilization and property corrupted us (early socialists) - People were born understanding freedom - We were not "tabula rasa" (blank slates) - We had to nurture our childish understanding of freedom (no book learning, must breast-feed with mother) - Before corruption, we were "noble savages" - All of the above points were against the enlightenment |
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All Enlightenment thinkers believed in:
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1. The existence of natural laws that were immutable, intangible, and universal
2. The power of reason to detect these laws of the universe 3. Progress: that history was linear and we were constantly improving 4. Rationalism: that through reason everything was knowable 5. Deism: the belief that God was a "divine clockmaker" who created the world but then had no interaction with it |
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Pierre Bayle
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Skepticism, no absolute monarchy
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Thomas Hobbes
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- Major book: Leviathan
- People are stupid and incapable of self-governing - Life is "nasty, brutish, and short" - Still, no absolute monarchy because no one has god-given right to rule (contradicting politiques) - Government is a contract between the ruler and ruled |
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John Locke
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- Natural and political philosopher
- "Essay Concerning Human Understanding" - "2nd Treatise on Government" - Philosophy --> People are not born knowing things, --> Contrary to Descartes, Rousseau, no innate ideas, --> All ideas derived from experience, all Tabula Rasa (blank slates) |
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Locke's Natural Laws of Government
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1. All are born with natural rights
2. Government set up to protect natural rights 3. Right to rebellion if government does not do this |
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Montesquieu
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- French Philosophe
- "The Spirit of the Law" - Separation of powers, checks and balances, branches of government |
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Voltaire
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- French Philosophe
- Individual Freedoms (religion) - Tolerance - Fought ignorance, superstition, bigotry - Anti-church ("Crush the Infamy") - "Candide" |
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Denis Diderot
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- Compiled first encyclopedia
- All ideas of enlightenment in one place |
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Enlightened Despotism
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- Benevolent Monarchy (with a kind purpose, wanting to help people)
- Try to apply some ideas of the Enlightenment - Show their usefulness (no more divine right) - "First Citizen of the State" |
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Frederick the Great (Prussia)
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- Freedom of the press and religion (limited, not Jews)
- Sponsored Voltaire - Some legal reforms (curbed torture) - No changes to serfdom or nobility (Junkers) |
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Catherine the Great of Russia
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- Not Russian (German)
- Murdered her husband and took the throne - Supported Enlightenment writers (Voltaire, Diderot) - Some legal reforms - Enlightened reforms: after major serf rebellion (Pugachev's) the reforms ceased - Then strengthened the concept of serfdom and territorial expansion (Poland) |
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Joseph II of Austria
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- Best enlightened despot of all
- Complete religious tolerance, abolished serfdom, major legal reforms, "good government" - Best known as a patron (Mozart) |
