Ethics Vocabulary Part Ii

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Classical Feminism

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The feminist view that women and men ought to be considered persons first and gendered beings second is called ___________. Gender differences are due to "nature" not "nurture."

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Difference Feminism

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The feminist view that men and women are fundamentally different, morally and psychologically due to human nature is called ___________.

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Distributive Justice

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Refers to the fair distribution of societies goods among society's members.

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Retributive Justice

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Refers to the practice of punishing those who break society's laws.

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Communitative Justice

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Refers to the practice of justice being lived with the acts of a particular community.

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Equity Feminism

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The view that the battle for equality has been won and that further insistence on women's inequality will only serve to make women into victims.

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Inalienable

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To say that human rights are ________ means that those rights cannot be taken or given away.

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Instrumental Value

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To say that something is of _________ __________ means that it is of value because of what further value it might bring.

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Intrinsic Value

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To say that something is of _______ ________ means that it has value in and of itself, not with regard to a value that it might bring.

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Natural Rights

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The assumption that people are born with certain inalienable rights is called ________ _______.

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Negative Rights

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Rights that are not to be interfered with (usually including right to life, liberty, and property) are called ____________ _______. Negative rights are also called first generation rights because they were the original rights included in the earliest human rights manifestos.

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Patriarchy

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A society where men rule or have a disproportionate influence is called __________.

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Pleasure Principle

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Freud's term for the oldest layer of our mind is ______ __________, which caters to our own pleasure.

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Positive Rights

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Which are also called second generation rights, are rights of entitlement where it is said that each person is entitled to the basics of human survival such as food, shelter, and clothing. These rights are to be protected by the state.

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Radical Feminism

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The belief that the root cause of men's domination and discrimination against women must be analyzed.

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Restorative Justice

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The rehabilitation of criminals and the restitution of victims is known as _________ ______.

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Act Utilitarianism

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The classical version of utilitarianism that focuses on the consequences of a single act is called _______ _____.

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Categorical Imperative

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The __________ ________ in Kant's ethics is the unconditional moral principle that one's behavior should accord with universalizable maxims which respect persons as ends in themselves; the obligation to do one's duty for its own sake and not in pursuit of further ends.

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Hypothetical Imperative

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In the ethical system of Immanuel Kant, a moral command that is conditional on personal motive or desire and is concerned with means and ends rather than with duty for its own sake is called __________ ________.

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Consequentialism

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A theory that focuses exclusively on the consequences of an action is called _____________.

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Cultural Diversity

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Is the recognition of a variety of ethnic and racial groups within a given region

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Cultural Imperialism

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A critical term that is used to describe the attitude of imposing one's cultural accomplishments and moral convictions on other cultures is _______ ___________.

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Cultural Relativism

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A theory of ethics suggesting that different societies or cultures have different moral codes is called __________ ________.

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Deontology

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Is an ethical theory that disregards the importance of consequences and focuses only on the rightness or wrongness of the act itself. Based on Kant's ethics.

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End in Oneself

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One of Kant's favorite terms to argue that all rational beings have ends which they seek and therefore should never be reduced to mere means to an end.

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Ends Justify the Means

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The ____ _________ _ __________ is a central tenet of Consequentialists who suggest that only the consequences (ends) count, not how the ends are brought about (means).

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Ethical Relativism

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A normative theory of ethics that contends that there is no universal moral code and that whatever the majority of any given society or culture considers morally right is morally right for that culture is called __________ _____________.

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Harm Principle

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John Stuart Mill's _____ _________ represents that idea that one should not interfere with other people's lives unless those people are doing harm to others.

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Hedonistic Calculus

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Bentham's ______ _________ is a pros and cons system where pleasures are added and pains subtracted to find the most utilitarian course of action.

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Kingdom of Ends

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Kant's term for a society of autonomous lawmakers who all use the categorical imperative and show respect to one another as ends in themselves.

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Rule Utilitarianism

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Focuses on the consequences of a type of action done repeatedly and not just a single act.

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Universal Law

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__________ ________ for Kant is a moral rule that can be imagined as applying to everybody in the same situation and accepted by other rational beings.

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Universalization

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The process by which a person asks oneself whether one's maxim could become a universal law by asking the question: "What if everybody did this?"

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Utilitarianism

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The theory that you ought to choose the act that maximizes the happiness and minimizes the unhappiness of the greatest number of people.

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Utility

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An act or thing's ________ is its fitness for creating happiness and minimizing unhappiness.

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Varied Pleasures

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John Stuart Mills talked about _______ _________ in terms of there being higher (wine and the opera) and lower (beer and Monday Night Football) pleasures. He believed that people always prefer the higher pleasures.

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Equal Consideration of Interests

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Consequentialism is a great inclusive theory in principle, because it believes that all people's interests and needs have to be counted equally. This principle is called the _____ _________ __ ________.

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Principles

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_______ in Kant's ethics are laws that you apply to yourself. You choose, like a self-government, what laws to follow and then follow them. That is what it means in Kant's ethics to be a person of _______.

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Universality

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The ______ of human rights simply states that human rights are the property of all members of the human race without exception.

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Direct Moral Consideration

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Moral consideration for a being's own sake, rather than because of its relationship to others.

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Doctrine of Double Effect

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The principle that performing a good action may be permissible even if it has bad effects, but performing a bad action for the purpose of achieving good effects is never permissible; any bad effects must be unintended.

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Greatest Happiness Principle

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According to Mill, the ______ _______ ______ is the principle that holds that actions are right in proportion to the degree they promote happiness and wrong to the degree that they promote the reverse of happiness.

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Imperfect Duty

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This is a duty that has exceptions, according to Kant.

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Indirect Moral Consideration

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Moral consideration based on a person's relationship to others.

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Perfect Duty

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A duty that has no exceptions, according to Kant.

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Moral Legalism

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The view that a community's basic moral standards should be enshrined in law and enforced by the state.

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Autonomy

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A state achieved by those who are self-governing, autonomous lawmakers who utilize the categorical imperative without regard for personal interest.

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Good Will

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For Kant, this means having good intentions in terms of respecting a moral law that is rational and deserves to be a universal law.

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Enfranchisement

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Refers to having rights and thus political power.

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Disenfranchisement

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Refers to not having rights and thus not having political power.

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Acculturation

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The modification of a culture by using or adopting traits of another culture.

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Mores

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The moral customs and rules of a culture.

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Slave Morality

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Nietzsche's concept of the morality of the herd, called this, is where people resent strong individuals and claim that meekness is a virtue.

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Absurdity

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The existentialist concept that life is meaningless because there is no God to determine right and wrong (or because we can't know what God's values are, if God happens to exist)

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Authenticity

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Being true to yourself or having personal integrity

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Leap of Faith

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Kierkegaard's concept of the necessary step from the ethical to the religious stage is called this. It involves throwing yourself at the mercy of God and discarding all messages from your rational mind or your self-interested emotions.

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Master Morality

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Nietzsche's view of the morality of strong individuals in ancient times, called this, includes respect for the enemy, loyalty to friends and kin, and scorn for weaker individuals.

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Overman (Superman)

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Nietzsche's view of master morality leads to the concept of this, the strong individual who has gone beyond the moral rules and sets his own standards of good and evil.

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Fatalism

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The belief that our lives are determined by a higher power and that we cannot, through the exercising of our wills, change our destiny.

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Libertarianism

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(1) A theory of government that holds the individual has a right to life, liberty, and property; that nobody should interfere with these rights (negative rights); and that the government's role should be restricted to protecting these rights. (2) A theory that humans have free will independent of mechanistic causality.

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Categorical Reason

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A reason to do something that applies to a person regardless of their desires.

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Doctrine of Doing and Allowing

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The view that it is always morally worse to do harm than to allow that same harm to occur.

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Ethical Monism

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The view that there is only one moral rule that is absolute and fundamental

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Ethical Objectivism

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The view that there is at least one objective moral standard

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Ethical Particularism

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The view that there are neither any absolute or prima facie moral rules is this. According to this theory, no feature of the world is always morally relevant, and none is always morally decisive.

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Moral Pluralism

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The view that there are at least two, and possibly more, fundamental moral rules.

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Fundamental

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A rule whose justification does not depend on any more general or more basic moral rule.

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Fact-Value Distinction

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State that there is a sharp distinction between values and facts; value claims are not factual, and so cannot be true.

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Golden Rule

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The normative ethical principle that states that yours treatment of others is morally acceptable if and only if you would be willing to be treated in exactly the same way.

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Silver Rule

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A negative version of the Golden Rules teaches that you should not do to others what you would not want them to do to you.

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Objective Moral Duties

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Moral requirements that apply to people regardless of their opinions about such duties, and independently of whether fulfilling such duties will satisfy and of their desires.

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Objective Theory of Well-Being

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Any moral theory that claims certain things are good for people whether or not they believe them to be and whether or not such things satisfy a person's actual or informed desires.

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Occam's Razor

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The instruction to never multiply entities beyond necessity is called this. When selecting competing theories, it tells us to choose the theory that can explain as much as any other while making the fewest assumptions.

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Prisoners' Dilemma

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Reflects a situation where everyone involved would be better off by reducing his or her pursuit of self-interest.

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Proceduralism

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The view that says that we must follow a certain procedure in order to determine which actions are morally right, or which moral claims are true.

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Self-Evident

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A claim is this just in case (1) it is true and (2) adequately understanding it is enough to make you justified in believing it.

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Standard of Rightness

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A rule that gives conditions that are both necessary and sufficient for determining whether actions are morally right is this.

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Strictly Conscientious Actions

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Actions that are motivated by the thought or desire to do one's duty for its own sake, rather than from any ulterior motive.

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Supererogatory

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Praiseworthy actions that are above and beyond the call of duty.

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Value Theory

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Concerned with identifying what is morally valuable in its own right, and explaining the nature of well-being.