Ethics Phil Test 3Rd And Last

Front 1

Ethical Relativism Vs Ethical Objectivism

Back 1

Ethic Objectivism:there are objectie moral standards/truths

Ethical Relativism: there are no objective moral standards/truths

Front 2

Two types of ethical relativism

Back 2

1) Subjective relativism (ethical subjectivism)

2) Cultural relativism

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Subjective relativism
(ethical Subjectivism)

Back 3

moral clams have to be assessed in relation to the individual

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Cultural relativism

Back 4

moral clams have to assessed in relation to a particular society/culture

(an individual can be mistaken if they are out of the culture/society's view of the moral view.

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Subjective and Cultural relativism have what in common

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Morality

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Cultural relativism

Back 6

morality is subjective to a culture, leaves room or a person to be mistaken

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Subjectivism
(Subjective relativism, ethical subjectivism)

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believe that everyone is right all the time
"an act is right if and only if one is sincerely believes it to be right"

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Concerns for subjectivism (problems)

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if subjectivism is true it leave no room for moral debate

is based on personal opinion no room for debate because it is an opinion

Entails moral infallibility, says can not be morally mistaken, if one believes what he is saying

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cultural relativists

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Tolerance-be more accepting of different culture's or people

Front 10

Concerns for Cultural Realism

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1) does not necessarily advance cooperation among cultures
2) cannot explain the influence of moral critics.

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Divine Command Theory
(religion based, Moral theory)

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an act is right if i is in harmony with God's commands

an act is wrong if it goes against God's commended will.

Religion is not necessary to morality, but morality is necessary to Religion

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Divine command theory is basically based on this view

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Theistic view of God
1) Omnipotent (all powerful)
2) omniscient (all knowing)
3) omni benevolent (all good)

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Abranamic Religions
(3 major religions called)

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1) Islam
2) Christianity
3) Judaism

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Utilitarianism

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is a kind of consequentialism
1) Human happiness is the ultimate moral good
2) actions should be assessed in the light of their onsequences

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Fathers of Utilitarianism

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Jeremy Bentham

John Stuart Mill

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Jeremy Benthan believed that

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Maximize happiness and pleasure by the quaintly

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John Stuart Mill's clams are

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happiness is the ultimate end
he improved on Bentham's Ideas
put a value on the quantity of the problem

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Utilitarianism's "Moto"

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maximize happiness minimize suffering

when we ought to do, in maximizing happiness it is all concerned that will e effected by the action of the person

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Utilitarianism Concerns

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1) too demanding:
not practical to predict how, what or feel one may take to make happy or as a whole
Example(paying taxes)
Morality obligatory act is ( murder)

2) rights:
are nonsense on stilks, the notion that people have rights is an illusion
Example of rights(to life, privacies

3) Integrity: doing the right thing and hanging integrity is hard, inconvenient, an act of will.

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Two types of concerns of
Utilitarianism's "too demanding"

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Obligatory acts
supererogatory acts

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Obligatory acts

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an act is required

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Supererogatory act

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an act is not required, not neutral either.
doing more than what is required.

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Immanuel Kant

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he is all about the motive,
kant would call is a good will-"good without qualification" good within its self example, knowledge, courage.
Kant said only good if the intention behind it is good
an act is right if an only if it was done with the right intentions/motive/done out of a sense of duty.

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Deontology
'deon'

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duty, a duty based theory

an act is right if and only if it is done with the right motives( intentions)

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The Categorical Imperative

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command rule to follow a norm

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Categorical means

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universal command

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What are the 2 formulations of Categorical Imperative

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1) a formal principle)( should be applied to any action)
act only according to that maxim (rule,principle) where by you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law(self defeating)

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formulations continue

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2) act is such a way that you treat humanity. whether you own person or in the person of another, always at the same time as an end and will simply as a means.
Autonomy:"self-Rule"-
when you lie to some one you violate their autonomy, when you lie to some one you make them less free

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Kant was beliefs were thought to be

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too ridged giving no exception's

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Autonomy

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self rule' a persons right or ability to make their own choices for themselves, the right to choose own goals and pursue them ( human beings have autonomy according to Kant)

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Virtue Ethics

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is a positive character trait
(kindness, patience, courage, ect)
Aristotle was the first to provide a systematic account of the virtues

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Aristotle

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ancient Greek Phil
hi was concerned with what is the good life, how to live it. everything has a function, we have a purpose that sets us apart from other things.

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Arete

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Greek for virtue, excellence

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Edaimonia

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greek for happiness, flourishing

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Akrasis

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greek for weakness of will

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According to Aristotle you can not have ____ with out _____

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Edaimonia

Arete

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Aristotle question how do i become virtues

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one becomes virtuous by doing virtuous things habitually

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The Golden Mean

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another model of virtue
any and every one will ball between this rule.

Moderation-good thing, having just the right amount of a good thing.

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Aristotle believed that

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a person would know good and choose not to do it because of the weakness of will... Akrasia... is a weakness of will.

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Classical Theism
"God of THeism"

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The view that is embraced by the 3 major religions
Judaism, Christianity, Islam

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Ideal view of classical theism

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God is separate form the universe, personal, omnipotent, omniscient, perfectly good or omni benevolence

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pantheism

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God is everywhere, nature and God is one

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God as Personal and free creator

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Personal
1) God has knowledge/awareness/has to be a mind
2) God performs actions
3) God is free/ he could have decided not to create the world an act of generosity
4) God can enter into relationships

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God as Creator

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God Created the universe
ex-nihilo--- out of nothing

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Divine Attributes of the classical Theism God

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Personal and free creator
creator
sustainer
enjoys freedoms

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Ex nihilo

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is important because if he had used something o create the world than he would be limited.. God is not limited therefore he did create the universe out of nothing.

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Pascal's wager
Blaise Pascal

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a pragmatic argument ( practical)
what is the smart thing to do in this description of his argument.
the example of this is if you odnt believe in God you will go to hell or noting happens no moral constraints, just live your life
if you do believe in God than you will go to heaven than what have you lost a little time in going to church...
to much to loose not to believe in God (practical)