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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Define Psychology |
science of behavior and mental processes |
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Why is Psychology a science? |
It applies the scientific model in testing claims and beliefs in the light of available evidence |
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Structuralism |
Wilhelm Wundt & Edward Titchener - break down mental exp. into component parts - sensations, perceptions, and feelings |
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Functionalism |
William James - explain our behavior in terms of the role it serves in helping us adapt to the environment. |
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Behaviorism |
John Watson - psychology should limit itself to observable phenomena - namely, behavior |
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Gestalt Psychology |
Max Wertheimer - belief that the brain structures our perceptions of the world in terms of organized patterns or wholes |
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Psychoanalysis |
Sigmund Freud - the role of underlying motives and conflicts in determining human behavior |
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6 major contemporary perspectives |
behavioral, psychodynamic, humanistic, physiological, cognitive, sociocultural |
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Behavioral perspective |
focuses on observable behavior and the influences of learning processes in behavior. |
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Psychodynamic perspective |
based on Freud holds that our behavior & personalities are shaped by unconscious motives & conflicts that lie outside the range of ordinary awareness. |
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Humanistic perspective |
views of Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow emphasized the importance of subjective conscious experience & personal freedom & responsibility |
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Physiological perspective |
examines the ways in which behavior & mental experience are influenced by biological processes such as heredity, hormones, & the workings of the brain & other parts of the nervous system |
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Cognitive perspective |
focuses on mental processes that allow us to gain knowledge about ourselves & the world |
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Sociocultural perspective |
examines how our behavior & attitudes are shaped by social & cultural influences |
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Basic vs applied research |
Basic - acquiring knowledge even if no direct application Applied - attempts to find solutions to specific problems |
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Experimental psychologists |
apply experimental methods to the study of behavior & mental processes Comparative - study behavioral similarities & differences among animal species Physiological - biological bases of behavior |
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Clinical Psychologists |
evaluate & treat people w/ mental or psychological disorders (depression & anxiety) |
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Counseling Psychologists |
help people clarify their goals & make life decisions or find ways of overcoming problems in various areas of their lives |
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School psychologists |
evaluate & assist children w/ learning problems or other special needs |
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Educational psychologists |
study issues relating to the measurement of intelligence & the processes involved in educational or academic achievement |
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Developmental psychologists |
focus on processes involving physical cognitive, social, & personality development |
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Personality psychologists |
study the psychological characteristics & behaviors that distinguish us as individuals & lead us to act consistently over time |
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Social psychologists |
study group or social influences on behavior & attitude |
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Environmental psychologists |
study relationships between the physical environment & behavior |
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Industrial/Organizational psychologists |
study people's behavior at work |
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Health psychologists |
focus on the relationship between psychological factors & physical health |
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Consumer psychologists |
study why people purchase particular products & brands |
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who founded the APA and when? Growth |
G. Stanley Hall in 1892, then 31 now 150,000 |
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Emerging fields of psychology |
Neuro - study relationships between the brain & behavior Gero - focus on psychological processes involved in aging Forensic - involved in the application of psychology to the legal system Sport - apply psychology to understanding & improving athletic performanc |
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1st African American doctorate in psychology |
Gilbert Jones 1909 |
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1st women PhD in psychology |
Margaret Washburn 1894 |
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Scientific Method (Q.H.T.C) |
careful observation & use of experimental methods Q- develop a research question H - frame the question in the form of a hypothesis T - gather evidence to test the hypothesis C - draw a conclusion about the hypothesis |
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empirical approach |
developing knowledge based on evaluating evidence gathered from experiments & careful observation |
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5 research methods |
case study, survey, naturalistic observation, correlational and experimental |
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case study method |
in-depth study of one or more individuals S - lots of info, lead to testable hypo W - lack rigorous controls (memories can be distorted, withhold important info, deceive researcher, interviewers/observers may hear or see only what they want) |
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survey method |
structured interviews or questionnaires are used to gather information about groups of people S - great way to get a sampling of a population W - gaps in people's memories, social desirability bias, and volunteer bias |
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naturalistic observation method |
based on careful observation of behavior in natural settings S - provide important insights into behavior as it occurs under natural conditions W - lacks controls, preconceived ideas, acting different knowing they are being watched |
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correlational method |
examine relationships between variables, which are expressed in the form of a statistical measure called a correlation coefficient S - offers clues to underlying causes, increases understanding of relationships between variables W - limited in specifying underlying causes |
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Experimental method |
involving the manipulation of independent variables & observation or measurement of their effects on dependent variables under controlled conditions |
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independent/dependent variables |
I - manipulates D - effects or outcomes of an experiment that are believed to be dependent on the values of the independent variables |
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Ethical practices |
- informed consent - confidentiality - animals |