Essentials Of Anatomy And Physiology (Scanlon And Sanders) Ch. 18 - The Urinary System

Front 1

two kidneys, two ureters, the urinary bladder and the urethra

Back 1

the urinary system

Front 2

the fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers the adipose and helps hold the kidneys in place

Back 2

renal fascia

Front 3

urinary system functions

Back 3

regulation of blood volume, electrolyte content, acid-base balance, tissue fluid

Front 4

outer layer of kidney tissue, contains renal corpuscles and convoluted tubules of nephrons

Back 4

renal cortex

Front 5

inner layer, consists of wedge shaped pieces called renal pyramids, loop of Henle and collecting tubules of nephrons

Back 5

renal medulla

Front 6

cavity formed by the expansion of the ureter within the kidney at the hilus, calyces are funnel shapped extensions of this part, urine enters the papillae of the pyramids

Back 6

renal pelvis

Front 7

kidney location

Back 7

upper ab cavity on either side of vertebral column behind the peritoneum (retroperitoneal)

Front 8

the structural and functional unit of the kidney, 1 million

Back 8

nephron

Front 9

two portion of the nephrons

Back 9

a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule

Front 10

consists of a glomerulus surrounded by a Bowman's capsule

Back 10

renal corpuscle

Front 11

capillary network that arises from an afferent arteriole and empties into an efferent arteriole

Back 11

glomerulus

Front 12

the expanded end of the renal tubule, inner layer made of podocytes

Back 12

Bowman's capsule

Front 13

continues from Bowman's capsule and consists of the following parts; proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule

Back 13

renal tubule

Front 14

all parts of the renal tubule are surrounded by ________, which arise from the efferent arteriole

Back 14

peritubular capillaries

Front 15

blood pressure forces plasma, dissolved substances and small proteins out of the glomeruli and into Bowman's capsules

Back 15

glomerular filtration

Front 16

fluid from glomerular filtration

Back 16

renal filtrate

Front 17

severe hemorrhage, low BP following a MI, fluid loss

Back 17

prerenal

Front 18

bacterial infections, diabetes, hypertension

Back 18

intrinsic renal

Front 19

result of damage to skeletal muscle tissue, large molecules such as myoglobin leak into blood and clog tubules

Back 19

rhabdomyolysis

Front 20

kidney stones, , twisted ureter, prostatic hypertrophy

Back 20

postrenal

Front 21

150 to 180 liter

Back 21

filtrate

Front 22

1-2 liters

Back 22

urine

Front 23

cells of the renal tubule use ATP to transport most of the useful materials to the blood

Back 23

active transport

Front 24

a limit to how much the tubules can remove from filtrate

Back 24

threshold level

Front 25

many of the negative ions that are returned to the blood are reabsorbed following the reabsorption of positive ions, because unlike charges attract

Back 25

passive transport

Front 26

reabsorption of water follows the reabsorption of minerals

Back 26

osmosis

Front 27

small proteins absorbed to the membranes of the cells of the proximal convoluted tubules

Back 27

pinocytosis

Front 28

waste products are secreted into the urine

Back 28

tubular secretions

Front 29

aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of NA+

Back 29

water follows the filtrate back to the blood

Front 30

increases the reabsorption of water from the filtrate to the blood

Back 30

ADH

Front 31

Increases the reabsorption of Ca+2 ions from filtrate to blood and excretion of phosphate ions into the filtrate

Back 31

PTH

Front 32

Increases reabsorption of Na+ ions from filtrate to blood and excretion of K+ ions into filtrate, water follows sodium

Back 32

aldosterone

Front 33

decreases reabsorption of Na+ ions, which remain in the filtrate. More sodium and water eliminated in urine

Back 33

ANP

Front 34

kidneys secret renin, renin splits plasma protein angiotensinogen (liver) to angiotensin I, converted to angiotensin II by enzyme found in lung tissue and vascular epithelium, angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction and stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone

Back 34

renin-angiotensin mechanism

Front 35

muscular sac below the peritoneum behind the pubic bone

Back 35

bladder

Front 36

made up of surrounding skeletal muscle of the pelvic floor

Back 36

external urethral sphincter

Front 37

1-2 liters

Back 37

amount

Front 38

yellow straw, amber clear

Back 38

color

Front 39

1.010-1.025

Back 39

specific gravity

Front 40

4.6 - 8.0

Back 40

pH

Front 41

95% water, salts, wastes

Back 41

constituents

Front 42

urea (liver cells) creatinine from creatine metabolism, uric acid from nucleic acid metabolism (breakdown of DNA and RNA)

Back 42

Nitrogenous waste

Front 43

inflammation of bladder

Back 43

cystitis

Front 44

inflammation of the kidney

Back 44

nephritis