Essentials Of A & P:chap 2 The Chemical Basis Of Life

Front 1

Matter

Back 1

Anything that occupies space and has mass.

Hint 1

page 20

Front 2

Mass

Back 2

The amount of matter in an object.

Hint 2

page 20

Front 3

Weight

Back 3

The gravitational force acting on an object of a given mass.

Hint 3

page 20

Front 4

Element

Back 4

The simplest type of matter with unique chemical properties. As of March 1996, 112 elements are known.

Hint 4

page 20

Front 5

Atom

Back 5

The smallest particle of an element that has the chemical characteristics of that element. An element is is composed of only one type of atom.

Hint 5

page 20

Front 6

List the three subatomic particles of an atom and their charge:

Back 6

-Neutrons-no electrical charge
-Protons-positive charge
-Electrons-negative charge

Hint 6

page 21

Front 7

What forms the nucleus of an atom?

Back 7

Protons and nuetrons

Hint 7

page 21

Front 8

The nucleus accounts for ______ of an atom's mass, but only _ _____________ of its volume.

Back 8

The nucleus accounts for 99.97% of an atom's mass, but only 1 tentrillionth of its volume.

Hint 8

page 21

Front 9

Atomic number

Back 9

The number of protons in each atom, and is equal to the amount of elctrons if the atom has no charge.

Hint 9

page 21

Front 10

Ion

Back 10

Atom or group of atoms carrying an electrical charge because of a loss or gain of one or more electrons.

Hint 10

page 22 and glossary

Front 11

Ionic bonding

Back 11

Chemical bond where an atoms gains or loses an electron to form a complete outer shell. Ex. Atom A has 2 ele on inner shell and 6 on the outer. Atom B has 2 on inner and 2 on outer. Atom B bonds with A giving up the 2 outer ele, etc.

Hint 11

page 22 and glossary

Front 12

Covalent bond

Back 12

Chemical bond that is formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons. Neither of the atoms loses a electron. The reason covalent bonds form is each atom is trying to fill its outer electron shell.

Hint 12

page 23 and glossary

Front 13

Polar covalent bond
and
Nonpolar

Back 13

Polar is when electrons are shared unequally between two atoms, causing an unequal asynnetrical sharing molecules.
Nonpolar bond has a symmetrical (equal) electrical charge.

Hint 13

page 23 and glossary

Front 14

Hydrogen bond

Back 14

The weak attraction between the oppositely charged ends of two polar covalent molecules; the weak attraction between the end of a polar covalent molecute and an ion.

Hint 14

page 23 and glossary

Front 15

Molecule

Back 15

Two or more atoms chemically combine to form a structure which behaves as an independent unit.

Hint 15

page 23 and glossary

Front 16

Compound

Back 16

A substance composed of two or more different types of atoms that are chemically combined.

Hint 16

page 24

Front 17

Are all molecules compound?

Back 17

No, for example, not all molecules have different types of atoms, like hydrogen.

Hint 17

page 24

Front 18

What happens to ionic compounds when they dissolve in water?

Back 18

the ions dissociate, or separate, from each other because the positively charged ions are attracted to the negative ends of the water molecules, and the negatively charged ions are attracted to the positive ends of the water molecules.

Hint 18

page 24

Front 19

Chemical reaction

Back 19

When atoms, ions, molecules, or compounds interact either to form or to break chemical bonds. The substances that enter into a chemical reacion are called the reactants, and the substances that result from the chemical reaction are called the products.

Hint 19

page 25

Front 20

List and brefily define the classification of chemical reactions for our purpose:
sysnthesis, decomposition, & exchange

Back 20

-Synthesis reaction-When two or more reactants combine to form a larger, more complex product.

-Decomposition reaction-When reactants are broken down into smaller, less comples products.

-Exchange reaction-A combination of a decompostion and a synthesis reaction.

Hint 20

page 25 & 27

Front 21

Reversible reaction

Back 21

A chemical reaction in which the reaction can proceed from reactants to products and from products to reactants. When the rate of product formation is equal to the rate of reactant formation, the reaction is said to be at equilibrium.

Hint 21

page 27

Front 22

Define energy and the two subdivisions of energy

Back 22

Energy-The capacity to do work.

Potential energy-stored energy that could do work but is not doing so.

Kinetic energy-Energy caused by the movement of an object and is the form of energy that actually does work.

Hint 22

page 27

Front 23

catayst

Back 23

A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction, without itself being permanently changed or depleted.

Hint 23

page 29

Front 24

Acids and bases in relation to protons

Back 24

Acids are proton donors, and bases are protons acceptors.

Hint 24

page 29

Front 25

pH scale

Back 25

A neutral solution has an equal number of H+ and OH- and a ph of 7.0.
An acidic solution has more H+ than OH- and a pH of less than 7.0.
A basic solution has fewer H+ than OH-and pH greater than 7.0

Hint 25

page 29

Front 26

When is salt formed?

Back 26

Salt is formed when an acid reacts with a base.

Hint 26

page 29

Front 27

Buffers

Back 27

A chemical that resists changes in pH when either an acid or a base is added to a soulution containing the buffer.

Hint 27

page 29

Front 28

What is the difference between inorganic chemistry and organic chemistry?

Back 28

Inorganic chemistry deals with those substances that do not contain carbon, whereas organic chemistry is the study of carbon-containing substances. Few exceptions, like carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide are inorganic even though they contain carbon.

Front 29

Describe the makeup of oxygen:

Back 29

It is an inorganic molecule consisting of two oxygen atoms bound together by a double covalent bond.

Hint 29

page 30

Front 30

Describe the makeup of carbon dioxide:

Back 30

It consist of one carbon atom double covalent bond to two oxygen atoms.

Hint 30

page 30

Front 31

Describe the makeup of water:

Back 31

It is an inorganic molecule that consist of atom of oxygen joined by polar covalent bonds to two atoms of hydrogen.

Hint 31

page 30

Front 32

List the important properties water serves for living organisms: (4)

Back 32

1. Stabilizing the body temperature

2. Protection

3. Chemical reactions

4. Transportation

Hint 32

page 30

Front 33

Define organic and list the four major groups of organic molecules essential to living organisms.

Back 33

Molecules that contain a carbon atom (carbon dioxide is an exception)

The four major groups are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Hint 33

page 31 and glossary

Front 34

Carbohydrates

(Provides body with...
made of....)

Back 34

Provide the body with energy, and is composed of C, H, and O atoms.

Hint 34

page 31

Front 35

What are the basis carbohydrate units?

Back 35

-Monosaccharides or simple sugar, which is the smallest carbohydrates including glucose and fructose.

-Daaccharides are two joined monosaccharides. For example glucose and fructose combine to form disaccharide sucrose (table salt).

-Polysaccharides are many monosaccharides bound bound in long chains

Hint 35

page 31 and internet

Front 36

Lipids
(function)
(Composed)

Back 36

Lipids serve many functions in living organisms including energy storage, serve as structural components of cell membranes, and constitute important signaling molecules.
Composed mainly of C,H, O; but other elements such as P and N are minor components of some lipids.

Hint 36

page 31-32 and internet

Front 37

Proteins
(Function)
(Composed of...)

Back 37

Essential funciton of organisms which participate in every process within cells.
Contain C, H, O, and N.

Hint 37

page 35 and internet

Front 38

amino acid

(what functional groups make amino acid?)
(building unit for...)

Back 38

A molecule that contains both amine and carboxyl functional groups.
Amino acids are the basic structural building units of proteins. They form short polymer chains called peptides or longer chains either called polypeptides or proteins.

Hint 38

internet

Front 39

Enzyme

Back 39

Is a protein that speeds up chemical reaction in the cell. It contains an active site which only activates the enzyme when specific substrate molecules or reactants. Binding occurs at the site, forming a enzyme-substrate, thus forming a different molecule (new product), other enzymes use one substrate to form two molecules.

Hint 39

page 36
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/

Front 40

Deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)

Back 40

The genetic material of cells, and copies of DNA are transferred from one generation of cells to the next. DNA contains the information that determines the structure of proteins.

Hint 40

page 37

Front 41

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Back 41

Is structurally related to DNA, and three types of RNA also play important roles in protein synthesis. Associated with certain proteins to form ribosomes, small, spherical, cytoplasmic organelle where protein synthesis occurs.

Hint 41

page 37 and glossary

Front 42

Adenosine triphosphate

Back 42

An especially important organ molecule found in all living organisms. Stores energy derived from catabolism. The energy is released from ATP and is used in anabolism and other cell processes.

Hint 42

page 37-40

Front 43

Ionic bonding is a result of

Back 43

between ions of opposite charge.

Hint 43

http://www.mhhe.com/

Front 44

Diffusion

Back 44

The movement of a substance from an area where it is under high concentration to an area where it is low concentration.

Hint 44

http://www.mhhe.com/

Front 45

All molecules are in ________ motion,...

Back 45

constant motion, unless an absolute zero, the motion is random with the molecules moving in straight lines until they encounter other molecules.

Hint 45

http://www.mhhe.com/

Front 46

Osmosis

Back 46

The net movement of water molecules across a membrane from an area of high water concentration to one of low concentration.

Hint 46

http://www.mhhe.com/

Front 47

What is a biochemical pathway?

Back 47

A specific pathway of enzymes which convert a substrate from enzyme A for a product to be conver by enzyme B than B for C, etc. Until a final product is produced.

Hint 47

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com

Front 48

Explain feedback inhibition of biochemical pathway:

What is the site called that shuts down production.

Back 48

When enough of the feedback is produce to reach the environment, production is shut down by one of the final products connecting to the first enzyme at the allosteric site causing the enzyme to undergo a change in no longer react with the substrates.

allosteric site

Hint 48

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com

Front 49

Functional Group:
Hyodroxyl
(R stands for hydrocarbon, - colvalent bond, = double colvalent bond)

Back 49

R-O-H

Hint 49

class

Front 50

Functional Group:
Carboxyl
(R stands for hydrocarbon, - colvalent bond, = double colvalent bond)

Back 50

O
//
R-C-O-H

Hint 50

class

Front 51

Functional Group:
Sulfhydrxyl
(R stands for hydrocarbon, - colvalent bond, = double colvalent bond)

Back 51

R-S-H

Hint 51

class

Front 52

Functional Group:
Phospate
(R stands for hydrocarbon, - colvalent bond, = double colvalent bond)

Back 52

O
//
R-O-P-O-H
\
O-H

Hint 52

class

Front 53

Functional Group:
Aldehyde
(R stands for hydrocarbon, - colvalent bond, = double colvalent bond)

Back 53

O
//
R-C-H

Hint 53

class

Front 54

Functional Group:
Amino
(R stands for hydrocarbon, - colvalent bond, = double colvalent bond)

Back 54

. H
. /
R--N
. \
. H

Hint 54

class

Front 55

Although it is impossible to know precisely where any given electron is located, what is the region where electrons are most likely to found called?

Back 55

electron cloud

Hint 55

page21

Front 56

Mass number (atomic structure)

Back 56

the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in each atom.

Hint 56

p22

Front 57

dissociate

Back 57

The separation of ions in an ionic compound by polar water molecules.

Hint 57

summary p 39