Ess 106 Final Sp16

Front 1

Approx. time of Santorini/Thera event

Back 1

~1650 BCE

Front 2

VEI of Santorini/Thera

Back 2

6

Front 3

What (possibly) caused the downfall of the Minoan civilization on Crete?

Back 3

The Santorini/Thera eruption

Front 4

How high was the plinian column for Santorini?

Back 4

23 miles high

Front 5

What is a plinian style eruption?

Back 5

So called for its similarity to Vesuvius' eruption.

Front 6

Name some geologic events surrounding the Santorini/Thera eruption.

Back 6

Earthquakes, explosive ejections, magma chamber breach, ash eruption, collapse.

Front 7

Name some geologic consequences of the Santorini/Thera eruption.

Back 7

Air flow deposits, surge deposits, ash flow deposits.

Front 8

What is the stratigraphic method of reconstructing volcanic history?

Back 8

The sequence of events is preserved in rock layers, the oldest on the bottom, the youngest on top. Composition of the layers provides historical clues.

Front 9

What types of material pollute the air after an eruption?

Back 9

Gasses, rock particles, ash.

Front 10

What are the main (non-toxic) gasses released during an eruption?

Back 10

H2O, CO2, SO2 (water, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide)

Front 11

What are the toxic gasses released during an eruption?

Back 11

HCl, HF, H2SO4, H2S (hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrogen sulfide)

Front 12

What is the typical composition of our atmosphere?

Back 12

N2, O2, CO2, SO2 (nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide)

Front 13

What element of volcanic emissions can destroy the ozone layer?

Back 13

Chlorine

Front 14

Do volcanoes contribute significantly to the greenhouse effect?

Back 14

No. They are important on the geologic timescale.

Front 15

What happens when volcanic particles block sunlight?

Back 15

Sulfate aerosols form.

Front 16

How long ago did Toba erupt?

Back 16

74,000 years ago

Front 17

What was the VEI of the Toba eruption?

Back 17

8 (megaeruption)

Front 18

What were the consequences of the Toba megaeruption?

Back 18

global temps dropped 3-5 degrees C

widespread burning of jungles/forests

ozone drops by 60%

Front 19

What year was the Nevado del Ruiz event?

Back 19

1985

Front 20

Describe the pyroclastic flows from Nevado del Ruiz

Back 20

8m of debris avalanche and pyroclastic flow on summit and flanks of volcano

Front 21

Describe the lahars associated with Nevado del Ruiz

Back 21

60 km/hr

50 m thick

increased to 4 times their original volume

Front 22

Describe the lava flows associated with Nevado del Ruiz

Back 22

2-5 m deep

Front 23

What was the major obstacle in raising alarm during the Nevado del Ruiz

Back 23

The noise of eruption was very loud

Front 24

What were the casualties from the Nevado del Ruiz event?

Back 24

23,000 killed

5,000 injured

5,000 homes destroyed

Front 25

What are the advantages of acoustic flow monitors?

Back 25

used to detect lahars

sent by radio signaling

don't require human supervision

worked well for the Redoubt volcano in Alaska

Front 26

What year did Pinatubo erupt?

Back 26

1991

Front 27

Progression of events prior to eruption at Pinatubo:

Back 27

1. earthquakes in March

2. fissure opened in April

3. steaming began

4. SO2 emission increased from 500-5,000 tons/day

5. creation of lava dome

6. increase in shallow, low frequence quakes (June 14)

Front 28

What day did Pinatubo erupt?

Back 28

June 15 (massive eruption)

Front 29

What was the impact on climate from Pinatubo?

Back 29

Global temperatures decreased 0.5C

Front 30

What was the role of accumulated volatiles in the Pinatubo eruption?

Back 30

In the 500 years prior to the eruption, volcanic gases accumulated, forming bubbles 5-15 km deep

Front 31

Describe the effects of Pinatubo lahars

Back 31

the lahars devastated the city from 1991-92

in 1994 another lahar came through and destroyed all recovery progess

(put your house on stilts!)

Front 32

What kind of lava is more likely to interact with water?

Back 32

Mafic lava

Front 33

What can occur when water and magma interact?

Back 33

Eruptions

Front 34

How can we tell how explosive a water/magma eruption will be?

Back 34

amounts of water and magma, pressure of overlying material

Front 35

What are the sources of heat in Martian volcanism?

Back 35

Primordial, radiogenic, tidal, solar

Front 36

Describe the Noachian period of Martian history

Back 36

warm/wet early Mars, valley network

Front 37

Describe the Hesperian period of Martian history

Back 37

volcanism, outflow channels, oceans

Front 38

Describe the Amazonian period of Martian history

Back 38

low impact rates, tharsis volcanism, cold/dry late Mars

Front 39

Types of Martian volcanoes

Back 39

Shield (larger than Hawaiian)

Tholi (small, dome shaped, steep flanks)

Paterae (low, flat shields)

Front 40

What kind of volcanism is evident on the Moon?

Back 40

Basaltic

Front 41

Some unusual features of Lunar volcanism are:

Back 41

Flow fronts, wrinkle ridges, sinuous rilles

Front 42

Describe the pyroclastic flows found on the Moon:

Back 42

100 found, from very deep sources

age of deposits ~3.5 billion yrs or older

Front 43

What types of volcanoes are abundant on Venus?

Back 43

small shields with a small central crater

Front 44

Out of Mars, Venus and Earth, which has the most preserved volcanic landforms?

Back 44

Venus

Front 45

Which planet has the longest lava channels?

Back 45

Venus

longest channel in the solar system is 6800 km

Front 46

What is the typical size of Venusian calderas?

Back 46

60-80 km in diameter

Front 47

Unique features of Venusian volcanism include:

Back 47

Sapas Mons, cone volcanoes, Sacajawea patera (elliptical caldera), 4 overlapping domes

Front 48

What is the only body in our solar system (besides Earth) with confirmed active volcanism?

Back 48

Io (Jupiter's moon)

Front 49

Describe Io's volcanism:

Back 49

-plumes that rise hundreds of km above surface

-eruption temperatures are much high than on Earth

Front 50

What does it mean when a planet or moon's surface has few craters?

Back 50

It means the surface of the body is young.

Front 51

Describe the surface of Europa:

Back 51

-covered in water ice

-cracks and ridges formed due to Jupiter's tides

-evidence of liquid ocean beneath ice

-active tectonics and icy flows

Front 52

What does Ganymede have in common with Europa?

Back 52

early icy tectonics

Front 53

Does Ganymede have an old or young surface?

Back 53

The surface shows a range of ages.

Front 54

Describe the surface of Callisto:

Back 54

-cratered: old surface

-eroded and covered with dark layer

Front 55

What is the effect of Jupiter's tide on Io's interior?

Back 55

gravitational kneading keeps the combined metal and silicate interior hot and partially molten

Front 56

Why does Io appear red?

Back 56

It's sulfur content. The sulfur will eventually condense into rings.

Front 57

Why do scientists think there is an ocean beneath Europa's ice?

Back 57

There is a magnetic field.

Front 58

What is the probable cause of an ice flow over a ridge on Europa?

Back 58

The flow erupted as a viscous glacial mass.

Front 59

What evidence is there of tectonic activity on Ganymede?

Back 59

-tectonic rifting of impact craters

-different colored areas are tectonically deformed

Front 60

What are the chances of dying from a volcanic event?

Back 60

1:10 million

Front 61

What are the benefits of LIVING WITH VOLCANOES?

Back 61

-formation of islands

-fertile volcanic soil

-geothermal energy

-local climate is cooler at higher elevations

-more local rainfall

Front 62

What do tubeworms do?

Back 62

absorb hydrogen sulfide from hot water

absorb oxygen from cold water

Front 63

What have we found in oceanic volcanic glass?

Back 63

Evidence of supporting microbial life, even up to 3.5 billion years ago