Praxis Esol - Linguistic Theory

Front 1

Alveolar

Back 1

A speech sound made with the tip of the tongue - touching the roof of the mouth and front teeth.

Front 2

Phonology

Back 2

The way in which speech sounds form patterns.

Front 3

Narrow transcriptions

Back 3

Transcriptions used to distinguish between language, accents and native speakers.

Front 4

Primary Cardinal Vowels

Back 4

[i] as in bean, team

[e] as in leg, beg

[ɜ] as in her

[ɑ] as in cat, bag

[ɒ] - as in hot, bra

Front 5

The Three Variations of Consonants

Back 5

1. Voiced (lenis) and Unvoiced (fortis)

2. place of articulation i.e. bilabial (lips) or alveolar (roof, teeth and tongue)

3. manner of articulation i.e. plosive or fricative

Front 6

Fricative

Back 6

A consonant characterized by frictional passage of expired breath through a narrowing in the vocal tract.

Examples:

/v, θ, ð, ʃ, s, f/

Front 7

Plosive

Back 7

A stop or occlusive produced by stopping the airflow in the vocal tract.

Examples:

/p, t, k/

Front 8

Reduction

Back 8

Shortening pronunciation of words

Front 9

Laterals

Back 9

/l/ like consonant.

A clear lateral, as in lady, fly.

A dark lateral as in bold, tell.

Front 10

Linking Sounds

Back 10

Sounds that are joined together by using /w/ or /j/ sounds.

Front 11

The 3 Components of Phonology

Back 11

1. Phonemes

2. Pitch

3. Stress

Front 12

Phoneme

Back 12

The smallest unit of sound that affects meaning i.e. distinguishing two words.

Front 13

Affricative

Back 13

A complex sound of speech of a stop consonant followed by a fricative.

Examples: /tʃ (ch), dʒ (j)/

Front 14

Elision

Back 14

Omission of a sound between two words.

Front 15

Assimilation

Back 15

A phoneme being spoken differently when it is near another phoneme.

Example: When 'and' is spoken as /n/, peaches and cream.

Front 16

Heteronym

Back 16

Two or more words that have the same spelling but have different pronunciation and meaning.

Examples:

Polish (nationality) and polish (verb)

invalid [adj] invalid [n]

Front 17

Homophone

Back 17

Two or more words that have the same pronunciation but different meaning.

Example: wood/would cite/sight/site

Front 18

Homograph

Back 18

Two or more words that have the same spelling or pronunciation but different meanings.

Examples: stalk (plant part) stalk (follow)

Front 19

Homonym

Back 19

A general term that describes word forms that have two or more meanings.

Example: can (ability) can (container)

Front 20

Phonographemics

Back 20

The study of letters and letter combinations

Front 21

Morpheme

Back 21

The smallest unit of language system that has meaning.

Hint 21

More commonly known as: the root word, the prefix, and a suffix

Front 22

The eight parts of speech

Back 22

Nouns

Verbs

Pronouns

Adjectives

Adverbs

Prepositions

Interjections

Conjunctions

Hint 22

Cat

Ear

She

Happy

Happily

On

Help!

But, and

Front 23

Root word / Base word

Back 23

Where the actual meaning is determined.

Hint 23

The key to understanding a word.

Front 24

Prefix

Back 24

Acts as a syllable that is in front of the root word or base word and can alter the meaning of the root or base word

Hint 24

In-, un-

Front 25

Suffix

Back 25

A letter or letters added to the end of the word; can alter the original tense or meaning of the root word or base word

Front 26

Morohology

Back 26

The process of how the words of a language are formed to create meaningful messages.

Front 27

Free morpheme

Back 27

Morphemes that are able to stand by themselves and have meaning.

Hint 27

Words like 'chair' 'bag'.

Front 28

Bound/Derivational morpheme

Back 28

Morphemes that need to be used with other morphemes to create meaning.

Hint 28

Readable, enable...

Front 29

NominalIzers

Back 29

The largest group of derivative suffixes which change adjectives or verbs into nouns.

Hint 29

Suffixes like -acy, -tion, -ment.

Front 30

Inflection

Back 30

In English, all of these are suffixes and occur at the very end of the word.

Hint 30

Regular verbs like 'want - wanted'

Plural nouns like 'cat - cats'

Adjectives like 'pretty - prettier - prettiest'

Front 31

Morphemic analysis

Back 31

The process of breaking a word down into its component parts to determine its meaning

Front 32

Morpheme

Back 32

The smallest unit of language system that has meaning.

Hint 32

More commonly known as: the root word, the prefix, and a suffix

Front 33

The eight parts of speech

Back 33

Nouns

Verbs

Pronouns

Adjectives

Adverbs

Prepositions

Interjections

Conjunctions

Hint 33

Cat

Ear

She

Happy

Happily

On

Help!

But, and

Front 34

Four parts of a sample sentence

Back 34

Subject

Predicate

Compound subject

Compound predicate

Front 35

The four parts of a sentencw

Back 35

Subject or compound subject

Predicate or compound predicate

Front 36

Morphology

Back 36

The process of how the words of a language are formed to create meaningful messages.

Front 37

Prefix

Back 37

Acts as a syllable that is in front of the root word or base word and can alter the meaning of the root or base word

Hint 37

In-, un-

Front 38

Suffix

Back 38

A letter or letters added to the end of the word; can alter the original tense or meaning of the root word or base word

Front 39

Morohology

Back 39

The process of how the words of a language are formed to create meaningful messages.

Front 40

Free morpheme

Back 40

Morphemes that are able to stand by themselves and have meaning.

Hint 40

Words like 'chair' 'bag'.

Front 41

Bound/Derivational morpheme

Back 41

Morphemes that need to be used with other morphemes to create meaning.

Hint 41

Readable, enable...

Front 42

NominalIzers

Back 42

The largest group of derivative suffixes which change adjectives or verbs into nouns.

Hint 42

Suffixes like -acy, -tion, -ment.

Front 43

Inflection

Back 43

In English, all of these are suffixes and occur at the very end of the word.

Hint 43

Regular verbs like 'want - wanted'

Plural nouns like 'cat - cats'

Adjectives like 'pretty - prettier - prettiest'

Front 44

The four parts of a sentence

Back 44

Subject or compound subject

Predicate or compound predicate

Front 45

Sentence types

Back 45

1. Simple - The bus was late.

2. Compound - Tom walked to the station and he took the bus.

3. Complex - after I write the report, I'll call you.

Front 46

Four purposes of a sentence

Back 46

1. Declarative

2. Interrogative

3. Imperative

4. Exclamatory

Hint 46

Anna will feed the dog.

Anna, have you fed the dog?

Anna, please feed the dog.

Anna, go feed the dog right now!

Front 47

Two types of clauses

Back 47

Independent clause- can stand alone or can be joined to other clauses.

Dependent clause-contain at least one subject and predicate but cannot stand alone.

Front 48

Presupposition

Back 48

Speech that isn't spoken, but nevertheless, understood by the speaker.

Front 49

Implication

Back 49

Concerns implications the listener can make from utterances without actually being told.

Hint 49

I tried to call you. (Suggests I wasn't successful.)

Front 50

Prosodic features

Back 50

Use of stress or tone to coney meaning.

Hint 50

John visited Jack. (Suggests only Jack)

Front 51

What is the pitch for a question?

Back 51

Rising

Front 52

What is the pitch for agreement?

Back 52

Falling

Front 53

What is the pitch for agreement with reservation?

Back 53

Neutral

Front 54

What is the pitch for annoyance?

Back 54

The voice falls abruptly.

Front 55

How many phonemes are there in English?

Back 55

44