Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
1. Describe the relation of the alar cartilage to the anatomy of the nostril.
|
?
|
|
|
2. Describe the nasal septum of the horse.
|
Divides the nasal cavity into left and right parts
-made of hyaline cartilage |
|
|
3. What is the false nostril?
|
the nasal diverticulum- a dorsally located blind-ended pouch in the nostril
|
|
|
4. What is a nasal meatus? How many are present in the nasal passage of the horse? Where are they located?
|
They are spaces between the conchal bones. There are four. Dorsal-between nasal bone and dorsal conchae
Middle-between dorsal ande ventral conchae Ventral-between ventral conchae and hard palate |
|
|
5. Identify/draw the nasal conchae and meatuses ona cross section of the nasal cavity
|
1.dorsal
2.middle 3.ventral 4.ethmoid |
|
|
6. Identify the nasal conchae and meatuses on a gross specimen
|
1. dorsal nasal concha
2. middle nasal concha 3. ventral nasal concha 4. ethmoid nasal concha |
|
|
7. What is the significance of the sublingual caruncle and the sublingual fold in the horse?
|
sublingual caruncle-opening of the mandibular salivary glands
sublingual fold-openings of the polystomatic sublingual salivary glands |
|
|
8. Identify the various lingual papillae of the horse.
|
foliate-taste
vallate-taste (2 only- a left and right)-separates the root and body of the tongue fungiform-taste filliform |
|
|
9. Describe the lingual and pharyngeal tonsils of the horse.
|
lingual tonsils-found at the root of the tongue
pharyngeal tonsils-dorsolateral wall of the pharynx- diffuse scatterings of tissue under the mucosa--cobblestone appearance during an inflammatory reaction |
|
|
10. Identify the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches on a gross specimen.
|
Palatopharyngeal--dorsal to esophagus
Palatoglossal--soft palate to tongue |
|
|
11. What are the divisions of the oral cavity?
|
1. Nasopharynx
2. Laryngopharynx 3. Oropharynx |
|
|
12. What are the divisions of the pharynx?
|
1. nasopharynx
2. laryngopharynx 3. oropharynx |
|
|
13. Where is the pharyngeal orifice of the auditory tube? Identify the diverticulum of the tube. What is this structure called? Is it present in the dog?
|
It is located in the nasopharynx.
The diverticulum of this tube is called the gutteral pouch. It is not present in the dog. |
|
|
14. Identify the cartilages of the larynx.
|
1. epiglottis
-cuneiform process 2. arytenoid (paired) -corniculate, muscular, and vocal processes 3. thyroid -body:thyroid notch -lamina:rostral cornu-thyroid fissure, caudal cornu 4. cricoid -lamina, arch |
|
|
15. Where are the thyroid foramen and thyroid notch of the thyroid cartilage located?
|
on the thyroid cartilage (see picture)
|
|
|
16. What is the anatomic significance of the cricothyroid and cricotracheal ligaments or membranes?
|
-an incision is made in the cricothyroid ligament when performing a laryngostomy
|
|
|
17. Identify the three processes of the arytenoid cartilage.
|
1. muscular process
2. vocal process 3. corniculate process |
|
|
18. Identify the bones of the hyoid apparatus.
|
1. stylohyoid
2. ceratohyoid (keratohyoid) 3. basihyoid-lingual process 4. thyroihyoid (5. epihyoid-fused to proximal stylohyoid) (6. tympanohyoid-fused to distal stylohyoid) |
|
|
19. Where is the lingual process of the basihyoid found? Is it present in the dog?
|
-attached to the basihyoid bone and embedded in the root of the tongue. Not present in the dog
|
|
|
20. Identify the laryngeal ventricle and the folds of mucosa associated with it.
|
1. Lateral folds
-vestibular folds and vocal folds 2. Median fold -caudal to the base of the epiglottis |
|
|
21. An endotracheal tube passes through the rima glottidis. What is this structure?
|
-the opening to the glottis
|
|
|
22. Identify the three extrinsic muscles of the larynx.
|
1. hyoepiglotticus
2. sternothyroideus 3. thyrohyoideus |
|
|
23. ID the 3 pharyngeal muscles and the 2 intrinsic laryngeal muscles.
|
1. cricopharyngeus
2. thyropharyngeus 3. hyopharyngeus 1. cricoarytenoideus dorsalis 2. cricothyroideus |
|
|
24. What structures are innervated by the cranial laryngeal nerve and the recurrent laryngeal nerve?
|
cranial laryngeal n.=cricothyroideus m.
recurrent laryngeal n.= motor to all intrinsic muscles *becomes caudal laryngeal n.** |
|
|
25. Describe roaring
|
pg. 172-173 in guide
|
|
|
26. What is the rostral opening of the nasal cavity called?
|
external nares
|
|
|
27. what is the caudal opening of the nasal cavity called?
|
-internal nares
|
|
|
28. Describe tooth aging.
|
Determining the age of an equine by chages that occur in the appearance of the tooth.
|
|
|
29. What are the differences between hypsodont and brachydont teeth?
|
Hypsodont teeth have a large crown and grow continuously.
|
|
|
30. What are the deciduous and permanent dental formulae of the horse?
|
Deciduous: 2(Di 3/3 Dc 0/0 Dp 3/3)
Permanent: 2(I 3/3 C 1/1 P 3or4/3 M 3/3) |
|
|
31. Which of the permanent teeth of the horse may be vestigial or absent?
|
the wolf teeth (1st upper PM) or the canine teeth in the female
|
|
|
32. Give the anatomic explanation for the formation of points.
|
the mandible is narrower than the maxilla and the teeth do not wear evenly.
|
|
|
33. What is Galvayne's groove? What are dental caps? What is the 7 year hook?
|
Galvayne's groove- a brownish triangle on upper I3 where cementum is present
Dental caps-retained deciduous teeth that are still attached to PM and sometimes Molars 7 year hook- a point on the occulsal surface of I3 |
|
|
34. Understand the general principles for estimating the age of an older animal.
|
see notes
|
|
|
35. Be able to grossly / diagrammatically ID the bones of the skull.
|
1. incisive
2. nasal 3. maxilla 4. lacrimal 5. zygomatic 6. frontal 7. parietal 8. temporal 9. occipital 10. interparietal-fused to parietal 11. facial crest |
|
|
36. ID the major foramina of the skull and the structures that pass through them.
|
1. supraorbital- Opthalmic n.
2. infraorbital- Infraorbital n. 3. maxillary- Maxillary n. 4. foramen lacerum- CN IX, X, and XI |
|
|
37. ID the foramina and the prominences of the equine mandible.
|
1. mandibular foramen
2. mental foramen coronoid process condylar process body ramus angle |
|
|
38. Compare the orbit of the equine skull with that of the canine.
|
Equine-zygomatic process of the frontal bone, zygomatic process of the temporal bone, temporal process of the zygomatic bone
Canine-frontal, lacrimal, zygomatic, maxillary, presphenoid, basisphenoid, palatine |
|
|
39. Be able to ID the foramen lacerum.
|
rostral to the occipital bone
|
|
|
40. Which neural structures pass through the foramen lacerum in the equine skull?
|
1. CN IX, X, XI
2. internal carotid a. and n. 3. mandibular n. |
|
|
41. ID the facial crest of the equine skull on a skeletal or live specimen.
|
transverse facial a., v. and n. run ventral to this structure
|
|
|
42. ID the salivary glands. Where do the ducts of each gland open into the oral cavity? Compare the glands present in the horse with those in the dog.
|
?
|
|
|
43. Compare the equine mandibular lymph nodes with those of the canine species. Number? Location? Drainage?
|
?
|
|
|
44. Study the pattern of sensory innervation of the equine head.
|
figure 7-5
|
|
|
45. What is the functional innervation provided by the facial nerve?
|
?
|
|
|
46. What is the functional innervation provided by the facial nerve?
|
?
|
|
|
47. Compare the platysma of the dog with its counterpart in the horse.
|
-in the horse it is the cutaneous faciei
|
|
|
48. Which veins unite to form the external jugular vein?
|
the maxillary and linguofacial vv.
|
|
|
49. Describe /ID the venous drainage of the face as discussed in lecture.
|
?
|
|
|
50. ID the individual muscles of facial expression. Which cranial nerve supplies their functional innervation?
|
?
|
|
|
51. ID the individual muscles of mastication. which cranial nerve supples their functional innervation?
|
?
|
|
|
52. ID the primary branches of the trigeminal nerve. Which are sensory and which are motor?
|
?
|
|
|
53. ID the superficial branches of the facial nerve.
|
?
|
|
|
54. You should be able to differentiate whether a given nerve is motor, sensory, or both.
|
?
|
|
|
55. You should be able to ID/label the structures indicated in figs. 7-2,3,4,6 in the dissection guide.
|
?
|
|
|
56. What is the superficial muscle that lies over the parotid gland in the horse?
|
parotidoauricularis muscle
|
|
|
57. Describe the anatomic arrangement of the digastricus in the horse.
What is the motor innervation to this muscle? |
?
|
|
|
58. The common carotid artery terminates by splitting into which branches on the left side? Right side?
|
?
|
|
|
59. ID the branches of the external carotid artery in the horse.
|
?
|
|
|
60. What are the branches of the maxillary artery?
|
?
|
|
|
61. What are the branches of the superficial temporal artery?
|
1. rostral auricular a.
2. transverse facial a. |
|
|
62. Which neural structure can be seen superficially with the transverse facial vessels?
|
transverse facial n.
|
|
|
63. Which structures are associated with the vascular groove of the mandible?
|
1. facial a.
2. facial v. 3. parotid salivary duct |
|
|
64. How does the internal carotid artery enter the cranial cavity?
|
pg. 159
|
|
|
65. Which artery branches off the external opthalmic artery?
|
?
|
|
|
66. Which artery branches off the infraorbital and passes through the bony orbit?
|
malar a.
|
|
|
67. ID the paranasal sinuses of the horse.
|
Rd. pgs. 166-167
|
|
|
68. Describe/ID the internal structure of the paranasal sinuses. What are the internal communications of the sinuses?
|
?
|
|
|
69. Describe the septa of the maxillary sinus.
|
?
|
|
|
70. ID/describe/draw the anatomic and surgical boundaries of the paranasal sinuses.
|
?
|
|
|
71. What are the major surgical procedures that involve entering the sinuses?
|
?
|
|
|
72. ID the exit from the maxillary sinus to the nasal cavity.
|
?
|
|
|
73. Where is the infraorbital canal located? What is its association with the paranasal sinuses?
|
?
|
|
|
74. Differentiate the auriculotemporal n. and the auriculopalpebral n.
|
?
|
|
|
75. What is a paranasal sinus?
|
?
|
|
|
76. Appreciate the 3-D organization of the guttural pouches.
|
?
|
|
|
77. Describe the membrane lining the guttural pouch.
|
?
|
|
|
78. How are the pouches related at the midline?
|
?
|
|
|
79. What is the path of the internal carotid a. through the area of the guttural pouches?
|
?
|
|
|
80. Which vessel passes between the major divisions of the pouch?
|
?
|
|
|
81. Describe the anatomy of the pouches and their extent.
|
?
|
|
|
82. What are the classic signs of guttural pouch disease?
|
-dysphagia
-swollen in Viborg's triangle if their is air trapped inside (tympany) -possibly neurologic dysfunction |
|
|
83. What is guttural pouch empyema?
|
an abscessed guttural pouch
|
|
|
84. ID operative sites associated with the tx of guttural pouch disease.
|
?
|
|
|
85. Know major structures associated with the guttural pouches. (see notes)
|
1. Stylohyoid bone
2. linguofacial trunk 3. CN IX, X, XI, and XII 4. cranial cervical ganglion 5. internal carotid a. |
|
|
86. Inflammation of the guttural pouches may cause neural damage that manifests itself by signs of pharyngeal paralysis and dysphagia. Why?
|
CN IX, X, XI and XII may be affected by inflammation of the guttural pouch
|
|
|
87. What is the important anatomical difference of the equine eye compared to the canine eye as discussed in class?
|
Fig. 7-26
the equine eye has an "iridic granule"/black body/corpora nigra located haging from the iris down into the pupil |
|
|
88. What is the textbook description of the location for the medial and lateral retropharyngeal lymph nodes?
|
pg. 160
|
