Eq: "why And In What Ways Did The Crm Become More Radical Between 1965-1968?"

Front 1

Main Argument:

Back 1

alternative far more radikal CRM evolved which led to a split in the unity of AAs by dissatisfaction among AAS and new individuals which promised new leadership

Front 2

1. WHY? De facto segregation

Back 2

- poor improvements although the law had changed long ago
- current situation: high crime rate (50% of black males between 16 and 25), continuing bias against AAs, still lived in ghettos, no equal chance of employment, not complete integration in schools, high unemployment (23% of black Teenagers)
- demands: adequate housing, decent school with adequate facilities, equal chance of satisfactory employment
BUT lot of money needed, deep-seated and hidden racism, as acute in the north as in the south, sometimes even worse
Result: dissatisfaction among blacks, increasing criminal rate, belief that peaceful protests are not enough have to become more violent to actually force through what the peaceful protests changed in law

Front 3

2. WHY? Belief that current CR strategies/campaigns/organisations have achieved all they can

Back 3

in the North:
- MLK seemed to concentrate on formal desegregation and the voting rights while AAS in the north were more concerned about their socio-economic position
- less convinced by the idea of non-violence as these seemed to have achieved all they could
- several failures of MLK
eg black educational achievement remained well below white levels
only 15.9% blacks in schools

South:
- knew little about MLK and his efforts and if they knew they did not care because they were not affected

Front 4

3. WHY? New individuals

Back 4

1. Malcolm X
- ideas: rejected non-vioence, saw MLK as a tool of the white men, Black supremacy, radical social change
- saw himself as a "victim of Americanism"
- his innovative ideas inspired the violent Black Power Movement

2. Stokeley Carmichael
- chair of SNCC, militant line
- extreme language eg "Burn baby burn" or "get whitey"

these individuals became the new leading figures as MLK lost support

Front 5

4. HOW? Fragmentation of the CRM

Back 5

- unity was lost as an alternative philosophy evolved
- some still supporting MLK while others preferred the violent way of protesting led by Malcolm X and Stokeley Carmichael
- even organisations changed and some became more radical
eg SNCC - agressive slogans

Front 6

5.HOW? Black Power

Back 6

- inspired by Malcolm X
- alternative philosophy
- apparent by 1968
- increased militancy shown, wanted radical change
- started to be an example for mexican Americans and the Indians Red and Grown Power
- greater sense of national pride and confidence
- revived black culture

Front 7

6. HOW? Black Panthers

Back 7

- emerged as a political and radical group
- demands reflected of the AAS in the general which means that they were supported widely, supported the radical mood in ghettos
- when wanting something they were not afraid to use violence
- but aims were vague like freedom, full employment, end to acts of brutality etc.
- short period of popularity

Front 8

7. HOW? Riots

Back 8

- violence broke out in northern and western cities inspired by Malcolm X
- Watts district of LA
- huge jobs
- military needed to restore order
- 4000 people arrested
- spread of riots
- between 1965 and 1967 a total of 101 riots!

Front 9

8. Limitations

Back 9

1. not everybody directly turned away from King
2. rather short period - Black Panthers disappeared soon