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198 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Question
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Answer
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Acetylcholine(ACh) where found and function
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Where: in CNS between terminal buttons and muscle fibers and at synapses in autonomic NS. Causes muscles in contract also learning and memory, sexual behavior and sleep
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Adrenal Gland: Addison's and Cushing's disease
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Addison's: under secretion, fatigue, fainting, appetite loss, depression apathy, CUSHING's Disease: obesity, memory loss, mood swings, depression
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Adrenal Gland: Hormone and function
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Cortisol, stimulATES LIVER TO CONVERT ENERGY TO GLUCOSE
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Alexia:
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reading disability from brain lesion
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Amygdala: What system and what function?
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Limbic: Integrates and directs emotional behavior, mediates defensive/aggressive behavior. Damage affects emotional response.
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Androgens: What and found where
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Testosterone and found in males and females and involve sexual interest and appetite
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Androgens: what and where produced?
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testosterone, produced in gonads.
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Aphasia:
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difficulty in ability to use or understand language
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Aphasia:
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damage to a language area of the brain
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Apraxia: Def, brain part
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disruption in the coordination of complex purposeful movements.
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Autonomic Nervous system def
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regulates primarily involuntary activity. eg digestion, heartbeat, respiration. Includes sympathetic and parasympathetic
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Basal Ganglia: Includes what three structures
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Caudate nucleus, globus pallidus and putamen
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Brain Imaging: Two main types and machine names
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Structural: CT and MRI for clots and structural abnormalities and Functional: including PET and SPECT for measuring cerebral blood flow, glucose metabolism and O2 consumption
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Brain Vision Pathway:
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From optic nerve to thalamus to visual cortex to Occipital lobe
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Brain: Three functional parts and where are they located
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PRIMITIVE CORE: top of spinal cord, regulates basic somatic activites of breathing and sleeping. LIMBIC SYSTEM(old brain): Built around primitive core, mediates basic drives eg hunger thirst, rage,fear pleasure. CEREBRAL CORTEX(New brain) higher coghnitice and emotion functions
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Broca's Aphasia:
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not clear speech, slow difficult. Left frontal
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Broca's Aphasia: Def, damage to what, and what lobe
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speaking slowly with great difficulty, broca's areqa of left frontal lobe
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Broca's Area: Lobe(including side) and damage result
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Left frontal, Broca's Aphasia.
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Cannon-Baird Theory of emotion:
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Environmental stimuli stimualtes both thalamus and cortex producing sympathetic nervous system arousal and emotional feelings at the same time. Arousal and emotion happens at the same time
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Catecholamines: Three types:
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Norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine
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Central Nervous System Two main parts
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Brain and spinal cord.
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Cerebral Cortex: Right and left: Name four lobes
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Frontal, Parietal, Occipital and Temporal
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Cerebral Cortex: Uniqueness from rest of brain
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last to stop growing, after birth changes more than rest of CNS. More developed in humans than any other animal
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Chronic pain associated with what disorders
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major depresive, dysthymics disorder,
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Cognitive-Arousal Theory: def
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emotion come from physiological arrousal and a cognitive attribution to that arousal.
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Conduction Aphasia:
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Can't repeat what was heard
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Conduction Aphasia: Lobe and Def
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Temporal, Cannot repeat what is heard
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Conduction Aphasia: where, Def
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Lesion between Wernicke's area and Broca's area. Speaks and comprehends but cannot repeat what is heard.
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Contralateral: Def
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Left hemisphere controls right side and vice versa
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Deep Sleep, slow wave, Delta is in stages
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Three and four
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Dopamine effects
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degreneration of dopamine neurons causes muscular rigidity and tremors found in parkinsons disease
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Emotions, Six universal basic:
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fear, anger, joy, sadness, surprise, disgust
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Estrogen Replacement Therapy and Hormone Replacement Therapy. Positive and negative?
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Alleviate many symptoms and reduce osteoporosis and heart disease. ERT may increase risk of breast cancer.
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Estrogen Replacement Therapy anmd Hormone Replacement therapy. Plus and Negative
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Aleviates symptoms, lowers rish for osteo and heart disease but increases breast cancer
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Estrogens: What and where
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in females, sex development and healthy function. also in males, function unknown.
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Excessive dopamine and norepinephrine associated with
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Schizophrenia
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Fluent Apasia:
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clear nonsense speech
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Forebrain: Five main structures
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Hypothalamus, thalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system and cerebral cortex
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Frontal Lobe Personality:
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From damage to FL, apathy, lack of drive, low verbal, can't plan or focus
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Frontal Lobe: 4 main functions:
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Motor behavior, expressive language, higher-level cognitive processes, orientation to time, place and person
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GABA does what and associated with what disease?
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depresses CNS activity andb low levels associated with Huntingtons chorea (demetia and involuntary jerky movements in arms and legs
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Glutamate: where and involved in what?
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Hippocampus and memory
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HINDBRAIN: Three structures
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Medulla Obligata, Pons, cerebellum
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Hippocampus: System and function
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Limbic: Memory consolidation, Transfer from short-term to long-term. Damage causes severe antegrade amnesia (inability to form new permanent memories.
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Hunger Brain areas and impact
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lateral hypothalamus initiates eating response, while ventromedial hypothalamus inhibits eatintg.
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Hypogonadism: def and Rx
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Men with low circulating androgens. Androgen replacement helps.
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Hypogonadism: what
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low levels of androgen. adding androgen helps
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Hypothalamus: In what main brain structure and does what?
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Forebrain: controls autonomic nervous system and endocrine system via pituitary gland. Controls body's internal state (temp, fluids, metabolism, appetite). Controls motivated behaviors such as drinking, feeding and sex.
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Internal Clock: Name and brain structure
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Suprachiasmatic Nucleous(SCN) in the Hypothalamus. Pineal gland secretes melatonin for sleep at night
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James-Lange Theory of Emotion:
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people experience autonomic arrousal in response to environmental stimuli and then interprit as emotion. Eg. we are afraid because we tremble.
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Left Hemisphere: Primary function:
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Rational, logic,
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Left hemisphere damage results
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clinical depression, or intense anxiety
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Limbic System three components:
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Amygdala, septum and hippocampus
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Low norepinephrine associated with?
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depression
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Low serotonin relates to
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depression
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Low sex desire in women. Which hormone?
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Androgen
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Medulla Obligata: function
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vital centers for breathing, heart rate, blood pressure and digestion. Damage often fatal
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Menopause impact on hormones:
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all three major hormones drop.
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Menopause reduced Estrogen causes?
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hot flashes, insomnia, mood swings, vaginal dryness.
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Menopause: what and symptoms
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reduction in all three major hormones. Drop in Estrogen causes hot flashes, etc
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Midbrain: Two main parts?
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Substantia Nigra and reticular formation
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Neuron Three Parts and function
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Cell body, dendrites and axon. Dendrites are short fibers carry info from other neurons. Axons carry info away from cell body
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Neurons that secrete acetylcholine are called
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cholinergic neurons
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Neurotransmitter basic function?
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chemical messingers which carry info across the synapse which se0perate individual neurons.
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Obesity Research:
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Overwieght people are more likely to be emotional eaters.
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Occipital Lobe: Primary function
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Visuaol Cortex
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Occipital Lobe: damage?
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Contralateral blindness.
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PONS: Where and what function?
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Just above Medulla Oblongata and connects two halves of cerebellum. Regulates arousal.
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Pancreas: Diabetes and hypoglycemia
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Diabetes: under secretion, low blood pressure, flow and death, Hypoglycemia, hunger, dizziness, headaches, blurred vision, anxiety depression
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Pancreas: Hormone, function
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Insulin, causes cellular uptake and usage of glucose and amino acids
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Parietal Lobe Lesions cause what?
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insensitivity to touch on opposite side and contralateral disruption of motion from loss of muscle feedback
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Parietal Lobe: Major functions
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somatosensory cortex. touch-pressure, pain, temp
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Peripheral Nervous system def
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carry's info from the sense organs to the CNS
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Pre-frontal Association Cortex: Function and damage result
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Coordinates sensory and motor areas, damage affects cognition, executive function. also decreased initiative, deficient self-awareness and concreteness
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Primary Motor Cortex: Def and what lobe
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Frontal and voluntary movement.
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Primary Motor Cortex: Lobe and damage result
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Frontal, lesions produce contralateral motor weakness, paralysis and apraxia.
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Progesterone: what and where
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Just in women, sexual function and placenta during pregnency
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Progesterones:
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hormone in women, healthy functioning of repro system and placenta in pregnency
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Psychophysics: Absolute thresholds and difference threshold:Defs
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absolute threshold is the weakest stimulus a person can detect. Difference threshold is the smallest difference between two stimuli you can detect.
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Psychophysics: Def
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relationship between magnitood of physical stimuli and psychological sensations.
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REM deprivation:
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increase in anxiety and irratability and reversable
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REM: def
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rapid eye, absence of muscle tone, mixed freq EEG
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Reticular Activating System(RAS): does what?
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Includes fibers from reticular formation and arousesb the brain and facilitates information processing
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Reticuolar Formation: Where and what
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Midbrain: sleep, arrousal, pain and touch
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Right Hemisphere damage results:
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Apathy and indifference
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Right Hemisphere: Function
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artistic, music,
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Septum: System and function
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Limbic: Inhibits emotionality.
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Sex and spinal cord injury.
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appetite stays with erections but low rates of ejaculation.
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Sexual Function and spinal cord injury in men
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Doesn't reduce appetite, erections possible, but ejaculation is uncommon
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Sexuaol Behavior: Sex hormones produced in what two organs?
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Pituitary gland and gonads (ovaries and testes)
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Sleep Cycle: How many how long
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4-6 and 100 minutes
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Sleep Stage Four:
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Delta waves, deep breathing and slow heart rate.
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Sleep Stage One Waves:
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Alpha
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Sleep Stage Three:
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slow delta waves
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Sleep Stage Three:
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large slow delta waves which dominate stage 4
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Sleep Stage Two Waves:
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theta waves and K complexes
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Sleep Stages. How many and which contain REM?
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Five and only fifth stage contains REM
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Sleep and age
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REM declines in absolute terms and percent
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Sleep dreaming REM versus non-rem
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dreaming occurs in both
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Sleep stage four:
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dominant delta waves
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Sleep stage one:
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Alpha waves
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Sleep stages: how many and where is REM
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Five: last stage
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Sleep: Slow wave, delta, deep sleep. What stage(s)?
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THREE AND FOUR
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Somatic Nervous System def
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controls skelital muscles and voluntary movement. Also five senses
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Somesthesis: Four sub-modalities
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Touch, position, temperature and Pain
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Sperry Split Brain: severs what, effect?
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Corpus Collosum. Show latteralization of some functions.
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Spinal Cord: function?
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Carries info between brain and PNS
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Substantia Nigra: Part of brain and function, major disease
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in Midbrain, involved in movement, Parkinson's disease tremors and disturbances in voluntary movement
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Sympathetic and Parasympathetic def
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Part of autonomic nervous system. Activation of sympathetic division mobilizes body resources such as fight or flight, heart rate, blood flow to extremities
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Tactile Agnosia: Where, what
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Parietal Lobe, inability to identify objects by touch using contralateral hand
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Temporal Lobe: Three mainj areas
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Receptive language, Long term Memory, emotion, auditory cortex
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Thalamous:
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Central switching system. relays sensory information to cotex except Olfactory
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The PNS has two main parts
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Somatic and autonomic
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Three anatomical structures:
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Hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain
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Thyroid: Hormone and function
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Thyroxin, controls metabolism
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Thyroid: Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism
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HYPO: under secretion, slow metabolism, reduced appetite, weight gain, depression and HYPER: over secretion, elevated body temp, increased appetite, weight loss nervousness agitation
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Two parts of nervous system
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Central CNS and Peripheral PNS
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Two processes terminate synaptic transmission by removing the neurotransmitter from the synapse
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Reuptake: terminal buttons take up excess neurotransmitter and store for future use
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Two processes terminate synaptic transmission by removing the transmitter from the synapse.
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Reuptake: terminal buttons take up excess neuroT and store for future and Enzymatic degradation break down the neuroT
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Visual Agnosia: Lobe and def
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Occipital, inability to recognize objects
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Wernicke's Aphasia: Def and brain area
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impaired language comprehension. Temporal Lobe
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Wernicke's Aphasia: Lobe and Def
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Temporal, dysnomia (can't name objects) and unaware
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Wernicke's Aphasia: Lobe, Def
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Temporal, clear no sense speech. Unaware
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Agnosia:
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inability to recognize familiar objects
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Visual Agnosia:
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can't recognize objects by site
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Associative Visual agnosia
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disconnection of the visual and language areas of the brain
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Prosopagnosia:
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Inability to recognize familiar faces
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Anosognosia:
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inability to recognize one's own functional impairment. Usually due to stroke.
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Hemiplegia:
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paralysis on one side of the brain caused by damage on opposite side.
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Akinesia:
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Slow movement, blank facial exp. emotionless speech
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Korsakoff's Syndrone:
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retrograde and anterograde amnesia. AA Thiamine deficiency
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Strokes: Impact
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50% survive. 10% fully recover. Most recovery is in first six months
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Open Head Injury:
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e.g. gunshot. Symptoms usually focal and often resolve rapidly
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Closed Head trauma:
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cause more widespread damage, often loose consciousness. Duration of antegrade is best predictor of degree and likelyhood of recovery
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Huntingston's Chorea:
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Motor disorder, reduced GABA, 50% genetic.
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Huntington's Chorea Four stages:
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one: Starts affective (depression, anxiety, mania), two: forgtfullness and motor symptoms, three: tics and jerky movements, four: some dementia
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Parkinson's Motor Disorder cause
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reduced Dopamine from substantia nigra also affecting basal ganglia
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Parkinson's Affect
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tremor, akinesia (slow movement, blank facial), 40% depressed, 20% depression before motor problems, some develop dementia later
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Impramine, clomipramine, amitriptyline are what kind antidepressants
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Triciclics
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Tricyclics work how?
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block reuptake of norepinepghrine and serotonin at synapse
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Tricyclics best used where?
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treating vegatative(psysiological) symptoms, Panic attacks, agoraphobia and obsessive states. Clomipramine commonly used for OCD
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Anticholinergic effects: Class drugs and list
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Tricylics, dry mouth, constapation, urinary retention, blurred vision and nasal congestion
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Tricyclics: Overdose problem?
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Lethal. And can't be used with MAOI's
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Fluoxetine is a
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SSRI
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Sertraline is a
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SSRI
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Sertraline's brand name is
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Zoloft
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Paroxetine's brand name is
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Paxil
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Fluoxetine's brand name?
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Prozac
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Are SSRI's cardiotoxic?
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no
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SSRI side effects?
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gastrointestinal problems, sexual dysfunction, headaches and may initially worsen sleep and anxiety
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MAOI's: How work
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block action of enzymes that break down norepinephrine and serotonin, making them more available at synapses
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SSRI's How Work?
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increase the availability of serotonin at the synapse by inhibiting its reuptake
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Phenelzine (Nardil) and tranycypromine(Parnate) are what find of drugs?
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MAOI's
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MAOI's are recommended for what?
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Atypical depression, including increased appetite, hypersomnia, mood reactivity
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MAOI Side affects:
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hypotension, dizziness, dry mouth, most serious potentially fatal hypertensive crisis with elevated blood pressure and convulsions
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MAOI's conflict which what foods
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Those that contain high levels of Tyramine such as beer, wine, aged cheese, packaged soup, soy sauce
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Mood Stabilizers: treatment of choice
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Lithium, most common for bipolar disorder. Reduces mania.
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Lithium Side effects
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gastric distress, weight gain, tremor, fatigue, mild cognition impairment, 35% have tremor. Too high can be fatal
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Mood stabilizer alternative drugs are?
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anticonvulsant drugs carbamazepine (Tegretol) and Valproic acid. Fewer side effects and works faster
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Antipsychotics: Primary use?
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Schizophrenia, acute mania and other disorders with psychotic features
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Chlorpromazine (Thorazine), thioridazine (Mellaril), haloperidol (Haldol) and clozapine (Clozaril) are what?
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Antipsychotics
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Antipsychoptics work how?
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By blocking dopamine receptors in the brain.
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Antipstychotic side effects:
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anticholinergic: dry mouth, blurred vision, tachycardia, Extrapyramidal side affects include various motor problems including stiffness, shuffling gate.
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Tardive Dyskinesia: what drugs cause and def
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anti-psychotics. usually after 6 months of use. abnormal involuntary movements, esp face, tongue, jaw. Can be alleviated through gradual withdrawal. Often temporary increase then symptoms decrease over time
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Clozapine and agranulocytosis
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decrease in white blood cells.
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Benzodiazepines: Most common use
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anti anxiety (anxiolytics)
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Anxiolytic means
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anti anxiety drug
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Diazepam, alprazolam, clonazepam, lorazepam, triazolam are what class of drugs used for what
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benzodiazepines for anti anxiety and panic disorder
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Valium, Xanic, klonopin, ativan, halcion are what calss drugs used for what
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benzodiazepines for anti anxiety and panic disorder
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benzodiazepines: side effects
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most common are drowsiness and sedation, also weight gain, apathy, dry mouth, gastric distress, paradoxical excitation, motor disturbances, sexual dysfunction
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benzodiazepines: fatal side effect?
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mixing with alcohol or other CNS depressant. Addictive as well
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Barbiturates
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treatment for anxiety has been replaced by benzodiazepines
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Propranolol (inderal) what class and use?
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Beta blocker and used for anxiety, particularly for public speaking and performance situations.
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Psychostimulants: what drugs and use?
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cocaine, amphetamines, methylphenidate (Ritalin)
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methylphenidate is what drug
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Ritalin
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methylphenidate effects
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decrease motor activity, diminish impulsiveness, increase vigilance and attention
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methylphenidate side effects
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reduced appetite, insomnia, dysphoria, can exacerbate tics. overdose can look like paranoid schizophrenia
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Narcotic analgesics: what drugs
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opium, morphene, codeine, as well as percodan, demerol and methadone
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Methadone addictive?
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almost as much as heroin, but withdraw milder
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treatment ADHD
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methylphenidate
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Treatment alcoholism
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Antabuse
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Treatment: Anxiety drug class
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benzodiazepine
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Treatment: Anxiety drugs
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diazepam, alprazolam, clonazepam, lorazepam, triazolam
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Bipolar Disorder: Drugs classes used
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mood stabilizers and anticonvulsants
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Depression: Three main drug classes
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MAOI's, Tricyclic, SSRI's
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MAOI Brand names 2
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Nardil Parnate
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MAOI Generic names 2
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phenelzine and tranylcypromine
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Tricyclic brands 3
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Tofranil Anafranil Elavil
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Tricyclic Generic names 3
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imipamine clomipramine amitriptyline
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SSRI generic names 3
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fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline
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Enuresis: What drug class
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Tricyclics
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Heroin Addiction. generic and Brand drug
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methadone, Dolophine
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OCD: What two classes of drugs
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SSRI's and tricyclics
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Panic Attacks: what drug and class
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Xanax, Benzodiazepine
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Schizophrenia: Two drugs, generic and brand and class
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Haldol is haloperidol and Thorazine is chlorpromazine. Both antipsychotics
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Tourette's. two drugs and class
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haldol and Orap (pimozide), antipsychotic
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Question
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Answer
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