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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Parts of the peripheral nervous system
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Somatic
Autonomic |
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Describe the somatic nervous system
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Regulates sensory and voluntary motor activity.
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Describe the autonomic nervous system
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Involuntary muscles
Sympathetic Parasympathetic |
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Function of acetylcholine
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Controls voluntary movement
Role in memory, REM sleep Sex ACh loss found in Alzheimers Interference w ACh impedes new memories |
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Role of the limbic system
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Limbic system is the old brain
It mediates: hunger, thirst emotions, eg rage, fear, pleasure memory encoding |
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Def: paresis
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slight or partial paralysis
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Def: paraesthesis
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abnormal sensations
eg numbness, tingling or burning |
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Def: hyperesthesia
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abnormal sensitivity to sensation
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Brain cell census
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100 billion neurons
1 trillion glial cells which do neural housekeeping. |
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Def: all or none law
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all neuronal action potentials have the same magnitude
increased stimulation results in more action potentials or action potentials in more neurons |
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Factors affection neuronal conduction
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Diameter: thicker is faster
Mylenation |
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Disorders associated with norepinephrine
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Deficit in depression
Excess in schizophrenia Norepinephrine is a catecholamine |
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Disorders associated with dopamine
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Excess in schizophrenia
Deficit in Parkinsons Dopamine is a catecholamine |
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What neurotransmitters are associated w schizophrenia?
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Excesses of dopamine and norepinephrine.
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Role of seratonin
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Depletion associated w depression
Role in: anxiety obesity aggression sleep modulation of pain |
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What brain structures are affected by Huntington's Chorea
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HC involves genetic degeneration of
substantia nigra basal ganglia cortex |
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Symptoms of Parkinson's disease
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Jerky movement
Disarthria (articulation problems) |
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Role of reticular formation *
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Sleep / wake cycle
Arousal Information filtering Selective attention |
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Role of the hypothalmus
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Body homeostasis and circadian rhythm
Eating, drinking, sex Control of autonomic and endrocrine sys Translation of strong feeling to involuntary responses: shallow breathing, racing heart |
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Role of the hippocampus
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Transfer from STM to LTM
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Role of the frontal lobes
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Motor behavior
Concentration Reasoning Expressive language Orientation to time, person, place |
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Role of temporal lobes
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Receptive language
Long term memory Emotion Includes auditory cortex |
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Role of parietal lobes
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Receiving and processing touch/pressure, kinesthesia and pain
Integrating sensory info |
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Role of occipital lobes
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Vision
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Left hemisphere functions
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Verbal
Logical Damage results in slow, cautious behavioral style |
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Right hemisphere functions
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Artistic and musical abilities
Damage results in quick, impulsive behavioral style |
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Def: ataxia *
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Disruption of coordination of complex, voluntary movement. May include
slurred speech severe tremors loss of balance |
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Role of amygdala
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Integrates and directs emotional behavior
Attaches meaning to sensory experience Mediates aggressive / defensive behavior |
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Def: anterograde amnesia
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Inability to form new, permanent memories
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Describe Wernicke's aphasia *
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Fluent speech devoid of meaning
Difficulties in comprehension Includes impairments in written and spoken language and problems recalling words (anomia) Due to temporal lobe damage Aka fluent or receptive aphasia |
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Describe Broca's aphasia
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Expressive aphasia
Impared language expression and comprehension Slow, laborious, non-fluent speech Broca's area is in the frontal lobe |
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Describe conduction aphasia
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Caused by damage to the arcuate fasciculus, connecting Broca's and Wernicke's areas
Speech makes sense, but person can't repeat what he hears |
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Describe the James-Lange theory of emotion
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Emotions represent interpretations of physiological experience
We're afraid because we tremble |
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What brain structures are involved in memory *
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Prefrontal cortex (STM)
Hippocampus (STM -> LTM) Temporal lobe (LTM) Thalamus (spatial memory) |
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Describe the stages of sleep
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1. Transition from wakefulness to sleep; alpha waves give way to theta waves
2. Theta waves 3/4. Slow wave, delta, deep sleep 5. REM or paradoxical sleep: body out but mind active. Cycle is ~100 min and recurs 4-6 times/night |
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Describe Korsakoff's syndrome
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Memory disorder common in alcoholics,
characterized by amnesia, confabulation and apathy disorientation with respect to time and place lack of insight into current problems |
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Describe long term potentiation
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Result of high freq neuronal stimulation:
increased neuronal sensitivity synapse change formation of new receptor sites |
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Role of RNA in memory
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Memory increases RNA production
Training or experience increases cell RNA Different experience produces different RNA |
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What is a likely result of spinal cord injury on male sexuality
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Erection but not ejaculation
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def: agnosia *
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Inability to recognize familiar objects
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Functions of the sympathetic nervous system
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Fight or flight
Arousal Control of smooth muscles of the blood vessels |
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Role of Broca's area
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Speech production
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Sleep changes as we age
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Hours in REM decrease
% of REM decreases Total sleep decreases |
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Role of beta blockers in psychopharmacology
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Mgmt of anxiety, esp performance anxiety
tachychardia sweating hyperventalation Used primarily for hypertension Eg: Inderal |
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Medications for mania
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Lithium (tx of choice)
Tegretol (carbamazepine) Valproic acid (in order of decreasing side effects) Antipsychotics for acute episodes Thorazine, Mellaril, Haldol |
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Medications for OCD
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SSRIs, esp Prozac
tricyclics, esp Clomipramine |
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Describe symptoms of parietal lobe damage
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unusual complex sensory and motor problems
left-right confusion apraxia face and tactile agnosia problems deciphering visual/spatial info unaware or unconcerned about problems |
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Identify parts and scope of spinal chord regions
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cervical - ring and little fingers
thoracic - hand and arm lumbar - hip, thigh, leg sacral - foot, leg |
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What part of the brain was most likely injured if patient reports loss of sensation?
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somatosensory cortex
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Where is the somatosensory cortex?
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On the postcentral gyrus in the parietal lobe
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Where is the lateral fissure?
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It separates the temporal lobe from the overlying frontal and parietal lobes
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Where is the central sulcus?
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It separates the frontal and parietal lobes
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Def: propopagnosia
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Inability to recognize faces
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Cause of propopagnosia
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Deficits in both
visual processing memory |
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Where is the parietal-occipital sulcus?
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It separates the occipital lobes
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Describe Type 1 schizophrenia (T. Crowe)
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Delusions or hallucinations
Inappropriate affect Disorganized thinking Due to neurotransmitter abnormality |
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Describe Type 2 schizophrenia (T. Crowe)
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Poor prognosis
Most symptoms begin in adolescence Unresponsive to medication Due to brain structure abnormalities |
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Effect of cocaine on neurotransmitters
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Blocks dopamine reuptake,
increasing dopamine |
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Symptoms of narcolepsy
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Irresistable sleep attacks daily for 3 mo
Cataplexy - sudden loss of muscle tone |
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Desc: Pick's disease
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Degenerative brain disorder
similar to Alzheimer's begins with personality rather than memory deficits, and a decline in functioning lost ability to initiate, organize, and follow through on even very simple plans and familiar activities |
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What neurotransmitters are involved in Alzheimer's?
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Primarily and earliest acetylcholine
Later seratonin, norepiniphrine, glutamate |
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What are the symptoms of Huntington's Chorea?
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Early:
depression irritability Later: motor disturbance personality change dementia |
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What neurotransmitters are associated with Huntington's Chorea?
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GABA deficits
ACh glutamate dopamine |
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Causes of Parkinson's Disease
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Depletion of dopamine
Degeneration of substantia nigra |
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Results of frontal lobe damage
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Broca's aphasia
Impulsivity |
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Results of temporal lobe damage *
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Wernicke's aphasia
Problems w auditory perception Changes in sexuality Severe anterograde amnesia Deficits in declarative memory (especially episodic) Faulty judgement Impaired concentration |
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Limbic system structures
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thalamus
hippocampus hypothalamus amgdala |
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Loss of mylenation results in...
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Multiple sclerosis:
weakness, poor coordination and tremor |
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Gonadotrophic hormones are released from
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the pituitary
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Medication of choice for panic attacks
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Antidepressants
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Medications for ADHD
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Ritalin
Dexedrine |
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Medication for treatment of heroin addiction
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dolophine
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Symptoms of hypothyroidism
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cold intolerance
muscle aches and pains slowness of speech impaired memory confusion depression slowed metabolism weight gain |
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Def: akathesia
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inability to sit still
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Def: akinesia
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Slowness of movement
Masklike facial expression Emotionless speech |
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What are benzodiazepines *
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Anxiolytics, minor tranquilizors
Include: Valium, Xanax, Halcion, Ativan |
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Benzodiazepine side effects *
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drowsiness
impaired psychomotor abilities impaired short-term memory more rarely: dizziness ataxia allergic reactions nausea agression NOT: impaired cognitive formation |
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Def: apraxia
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problems in voluntary movement
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Part of the brain linked with impulsivity
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Impulivity is inversely correlated with size of caudate nucleus
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Neurotransmitter most associated with Tourette's
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dopamine
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