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377 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Retroflection |
Turning back on oneself what one wants to do to others. |
Type of boundary disturbance- Gestalt therapy |
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Reactance |
Refusing to comply with a suggestion when people feel pressured by a message and increase resistance to persuasion |
Concept in persuasion and attitude change |
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Std error of measurement |
Avg amount of error calculating a measured score for each subject |
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Std error of the mean |
Avg amt of error in the group's mean in relation to the population mean |
Think of group vs population |
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Std deviation of a measurement |
Avg amt of spread of scores |
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Std error of estimate |
Avg amount of error in prediction (of some other measure- |
eg IQ test predicting gpa |
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Goal of Erikson stage of late adulthood |
Wisdom |
Integrity vs despair |
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Goal of Erikson middle adulthood |
Capacity to care for others and give to future generations |
Generativity vs stagnation |
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Goal of Erikson of early adulthood |
Capacity to form intimate relationships |
intimacy vs isolation |
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Goal of Erikson ages 6-12 |
Competence; involves cessation in psychosexual development |
Industry vs inferiority |
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Chronic otitis media & related deficits |
Chronic ear infections - long-term deficits in language capacity |
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All aphasias have what impairment in common? |
Impaired repetition of verbal tasks |
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Predictor of success in community for schizophrenia after hospitalization |
Work history |
Practical ability |
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Best Med for chronic pain when well-adjusted |
Anti-depressant |
Acute pain would be narcotics, but what about chronic? |
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Best predictor of adolescent alcohol use |
Level of use of alcohol use by parents AND peers, leans towards peers as age increases |
Attitudes vs behavior |
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What type of interference trying to reduce? - Studying for 18 hours and then sleeping in the hours before the exam |
Retroactive interference |
Keeping self from learning new info that will interfere with past learning (ignore the actual test) |
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Proactive interference |
Previously learned material interferes with recall of newly learned material |
Ex: learning French is hard because of past experience with Spanish |
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Factitious disorder vs malingering |
Both intentional; Factitious disorder is produced WITHOUT external incentives; malingering has secondary gain |
Rec treatment is gentle confrontation (Merck Manual) |
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Rec treatment for conversion disorder |
Hypnosis and other methods aimed to reveal the patient's underlying unconscious conflicts |
Unintentional production of symptoms |
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Zeigarnik effect |
Remembering incomplete tasks more than complete tasks |
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Barnum effect |
Tendency to identify with vague descriptions of themselves such as a horoscope |
Think of Barnum & Bailey circus- seeing a psychic |
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Autokinetic effect |
Illusion of movement when a stationary pinpoint of light is shined in a dark environment |
Used in experiments in conformity |
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Can you make parole rec for a prisoner you are treating? |
Yes- but it is a dual relationship |
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Can predictions of dangerousness be accurate? |
Yes, assessments can be made, but important to note limitations properly |
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Drug treatment for OCD |
Antidepressant- Prozac (Ssri) or Abafranil (tricyclics) |
Cognition are distressing |
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Conrad Lorenz |
Imprinting - behavior patterns during a critical period of an animal's development |
Related to critical periods |
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Vygotsky |
Theory of cognitive development, zone of proximal dev |
Child development/learning over time with parent help |
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Best treatment for agoraphobia |
Exposure (typically with response prevention) |
Not flooding |
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Implosive therapy |
Exposure in imagination only - explore psychosexual themes |
Different than flooding- psychosexual |
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Females are more what in leadership style? |
Democratic (vs autocratic) & Participative (vs directive) |
2 dimensions |
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Basal ganglia functions/illnesses |
Initiation of movement/ OCD, tics, Parkinson's, Huntingtons |
Motor |
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Structures of basal ganglia (5) |
Caudate nucleus, putamen, substantia nigra, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus |
CaN we PUT NIAGRA falls on the GLOBE before the SUB goes NUCLEAR? |
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Can you send a past due bill to a collection agency? |
Yes if you informed patient and gave opportunity to pay first. |
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When ethics conflict with law... |
Make known commitment to the Code and attempt to resolve conflict |
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Secondary reinforcer vs generalized conditioned reinforcer |
Gain value thru experience vs take on value by providing access to other reinforcers |
How do they gain value? |
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Type of prevention/intervention in an institution |
Tertiary prevention |
Goal of improving/curing existing problem |
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Kohlberg |
Theory of moral development |
Think: Morals are sometimes in black and white (like kohl) - NOT Kohler |
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9 year old- Why not steal? |
One can be punished for stealing (punishment-obedience orientation) |
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Humans exhibit sexual dimorphism compared to other species |
to a lesser degree (systematic differences between individuals of different sex in same species) |
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Which drugs have possibly fatal complications from abrupt withdrawal? |
Benzos and alcohol |
Pills and drinks |
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Traditional mental status exam vs MMSE-2 |
Traditional assesses screens for psychosis and cog impairment, MMSE only cog |
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Donald Super's theory |
Career Rainbow Self-concept theory- encompasses self-esteem |
Career development |
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Herzberg's Two-factor theory aka motivator-hygiene theory |
Job motivation - factors cause dissatisfaction, others cause satisfaction (enrichment) |
Some things "Herz" and other things feel good at work |
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Tolman's theory |
Latent learning- behavior can be learned but exhibited later only when the behavior is reinforced |
We know how to stop but we only do it when there is a "Toll" |
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Thorndike's theory |
Law of Effect- responses increase/decrease depending on the effect |
You are less likely to run through the roses if you get a thorn in your side |
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Guided imagery used most in which therapy? |
CBT |
Empirically supported |
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Purpose of interpersonal psychotherapy |
short-term - examine person's interpersonal relationships impacting mental health |
sounds obvious |
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Purpose of psychoanalytic therapy |
uses relationship between therapist and patient to develop insight |
Think of transference |
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Purpose of client centered therapy |
Non-directive (Rogerian), focuses on increasing self-esteem and openness to experience |
Client is capable with encouragement |
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If you do not have experience assessing a client's disabilities you should... |
Refer out |
More than consultation |
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Handedness ages of first expression and age established |
2 years- first expression 7-8 years- established (increased brain specialization/decreased plasticity) |
think of age starting to write at all, and grade starting to write more |
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Risk factors for poor prognosis in schizophrenia |
negative symptoms, male, early onset |
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goal(s) of APA's principles & code of conduct |
the welfare and protection of consumers of psychological services and education regarding ethical standards of conduct |
two goals- think of consumers |
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Freud & Erikson corresponding stages |
(0-1) Oral - Trust vs. Mistrust (1-3) Anal - Auton vs. Shame&d (3-6) Phallic - Initiative vs. guilt (6-12) Latent - Industry vs. Infer. (12-18) Genital - Identity vs. role |
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Erikson stages in order |
1. Trust vs. mistrust 2. Autonomy vs. Shame & doubt 3.Initiative vs. guilt 4. Industry vs. inferiority 5. Identity vs. role confusion (past Freud): 6. (early adult) intimacy vs. isolation 7. (middle adult) generativity vs. stagnation 8. (late adult) ego integrity vs. dispair |
1. bun- rusty - mistrust 2. shoe- shaped like car with ham inside - autonomy/shame 3. tree- holiday inn behind, quilt around tree - indust/guilt 4. dinosaur- standing on dust looking inferior - industry vs. inferiority 5. dive- diving into a truck and denting it, looks confused- identity vs. confusion 6. sticks- kissing and third stick off to side - intimacy vs. isol 7. heaven- stag running heaven's generator - generativity vs. stag 8. plate- grits on plate with a pear - integrity vs. dispair |
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Rehm's theory |
Self-Control model of depression- integrates cog & behavioral models- modification of self-monitoring, self-eval, and self-control, modifying dysfunctional thoughts and behaviors |
Model of depression- Think you need a ream of paper to understand yourself |
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Kohut's theory |
Psychoanalytic Self Psychology- altering self-object needs (mirroring, idealization, twinship) |
Sometimes you just need to sit in a hut and look at yourself in the mirror |
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Scores from non-parallel measures equated through what? |
item response theory/latent trait theory - good for tests with different # of items |
what's the simplest unit? |
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Classical test theory view test score as what? |
Individual's test score is sum of true score variability and error score variability (X=T+E) (e.g., MMPI) |
think signal and noise |
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Patterson's model |
Coercion model of aggression- escalating coerciveness |
What happens if you Pat Your Son too hard |
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semantic vs. episodic memory |
facts & concepts vs. autobiographical events |
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as we age, what happens to crystallized & fluid intelligence? |
crystallized increases, fluid decreases |
think of wisdom vs. learning ability |
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A diet low in a specific amino acid is needed for what disease? |
PKU- due impairments in metabolizing phenylalanine |
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Another name for Down syndrome |
Trisomy 21- involves 3rd chromosome on chromosome 21 |
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Gilligan and Kohlberg theories have what in common? |
Theories of moral development- Kohlberg criticized as male-centered, Gilligan addressed female morality (and also emic approach) |
black & white vs. being caring |
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Premack principle |
pairing a frequently performed behavior to reinforce an infrequently performed behavior |
how I study with candy |
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Overjustification |
people are reinforced for behaviors they would normally do without reinforcement (e.g., read books) |
Do they need to be reinforced? |
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Side effects of tricyclics (e.g., elavil) |
anticholinergic (dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision, urinary retention), sedation, orthostatic hypotension, weight gain |
slows you down |
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Side effects of SSRIs (prozac, paxil) |
agitation, insomnia, decreased libido - least likely to affect memory |
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Side effects of lithium |
Tremor, gastric distress, weight gain, fatigue, mild cog impairment |
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Type of leadership in centrality of decision-making |
autocratic leadership styles and bureaucratic styles - causes increased procedural formulation |
vs. decentralized (democratic leadership) |
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Most commonly used measure of operant behavior |
response rate - frequency with which behavior is emitted - related to operant strength |
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Ainsworth studied what? |
attachment - strange situation |
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neurotransmitter implicated in etiology of Alzheimer's |
acetylcholine |
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neurotransmitters implicated in mood disorders |
norepinephrine and serotonin |
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Instrumental learning & who introduced it |
instrumental learning is another term for operant conditioning Thorndike & Skinner- consequences drive behavior |
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Kohler's theory |
insight learning - underlies Gestalt Psych, insight can be acquired ('aha!") and involves change in cog organization |
learning theory - NOT Kohlberg |
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Kohler vs. Kohlberg |
insight learning vs. moral development |
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Night terrors prevalence and remit when? |
usually ages 3-12 - peak 3 1/2 years, 1-6% prevalence. Remit in adolescence |
Occur in childhood |
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If a test is made more difficult, effects on positives and negatives? |
decrease false positives (and all positives), increase true negatives (and all negatives) |
(same effect as raising cutoff) |
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Treatment of choice for specific phobia and an alternative treatment |
flooding, or in vivo modeling |
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What is empirical criterion keying and what was it used to develop? |
discriminate among various criterion groups (used for MMPI) |
Think of what differentiates on a specific set of criteria |
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Atkinson's theory |
achievement motivation- adaptive |
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Generalizations about African Americans |
-higher/earlier onset hypertension -lower suicide -higher homicide -have role flexibility/egalitarian -rely on extended family |
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Order of sleep stages |
Beta- alert & awake Alpha- relaxed awake Theta- light sleep Delta- deep sleep |
The dog Barks And Then Dozes |
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Ellis developed what therapy & what is it for? |
Rational Emotive Therapy- form of CBT focuses on irrational beliefs, is "confrontive" (includes ABC) |
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What therapy did Meichenbaum develop? (& what is the focus?) |
Stress Inoculation therapy; positive self-statements |
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Rogerian therapist would do what? |
point out incongruence between self and experience |
think of person-centered therapy |
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A Bowenian family therapist would do what? |
evaluate levels of differentiation in each family member |
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RNA and DNA have an effect on what 2 things? (this is a common question on EPPP) |
memory & genetics |
think physio |
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What form of memory remains intact with amnesia |
immediate memory (aka sensory memory) |
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What is source memory? |
ability to remember context in which material was learned |
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Kahneman & Tversky's loss aversion model |
people's decisions are more affected by their desire to avoid losses than their desire to make gains |
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Marlatt's approach to substance abuse |
addiction is an "overlearned habit"; relapse prevention - relapse is a natural part of recovery that can be minimized but not avoided |
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criterion contamination |
obtaining a spuriously high validity coefficient b/c ratings on the criterion are contaminated by knowledge of ratings on a predictor |
e.g., if teacher giving grades had knowledge on students' IQ scores |
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"time out" is based on what |
operant extinction - reinforcement is withheld (vs. in classical extinction where the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with conditioned stimulus) |
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Reinforcement schedule most resistant to extinction |
variable interval schedule |
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course of ADHD |
Children with aggression or unremitting severe symptoms are at increased risk for antisocial PD |
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Sue & Sue's Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model stages |
1.Conformity- rejects minority 2. Dissonance- begins to appreciate aspects ofminority views 3. Resistance/Immersion- completely endorseminority held views 4. Introspection- deeper analysis 5. Synergetic articulation and awareness/integrative awareness |
1. Bun- conforms to pan 2. Shoe- son wearing mom's shoes 3. Tree- put a tree in an immersion blender 4. Dinosaur- wearing spectacles 5. Dive- diving war of rats; warehouse of signs/art |
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which Piagetian stage is associated with irreversibility, centration, and phenomenalistic causality? |
Pre-operational stage centration- focus on salient detail |
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Adlerian therapy aka Individual Psychology does what? |
examines lifestyle for mistaken goals and faulty assumptions to modify them to be more constructive (including inferiority complex) |
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pseudodementia and how it differs from dementia and Alzheimers |
cognitive impairment that mimics dementia- eg. due to depression. More sudden onset and improves with treatment. |
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alloplastic vs autoplastic reactions to stress |
trying to change or blaming: external environment vs. oneself |
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Wernicke's encephalopathy vs. Korsakoff's syndrome |
thiamine (B1) deficiency due to long-term alcohol use, often leads to Korsakoff's - amnesia. Can be combined as Wernicke-Korsakoff |
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autocorrelation is a problem in what study design? |
single-subject - repeated measures |
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Piaget stages of development |
Birth-2: sensorimotor 2-7: Preoperational 7-11: concrete operational 11+: formal operational |
operational stages 1. sun- with motion sensor 2. glue- prep an operation with glue 3. flea- stuck in concrete 4. door- with a tuxedo |
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Differences between client- or consultee or program- centered AND case vs. administrative consultation |
-client- specific therapy person -consultee- improve therapist's skill working with group -program- improve a treatment program -case- working with people (everything other than admin) -administrative- program/work |
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Thurstone's Primary Mental Abilities Test is what? |
multifaceted test of intelligence |
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fundamental attribution error |
making a dispositional or internal attribution rather than situational |
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types of biases/attributions (4) |
actor-observer (about self and others), hedonic (self-serving internal vs external), fundamental attribution (internal), situational attribution (external) |
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semi-partial correlation |
association with the third variable is partialed out for only one of two initial variables |
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coefficient of determination |
proportion of variance shared by two variables; the square of correlation coeff |
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McClelland's acquired needs theory (3 needs) |
nAchievement, nAffiliation, nPower. Needs are acquired over time- can be trained for nAch. |
lower case with upper case |
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General expectancy theory/VIE theory (3 facets) |
(Vroom) people behave in ways that are based on their perceived expectancy that certain rewards will follow (Valence, Instrumentality, Expectancy) |
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Function of parietal lobe and results from damage |
Somatosensory (senses other than smell, proprioception), results in Apraxia and left-right confusion |
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Results from damage to occipital lobe |
impairments in primary visual cortex |
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traditional vs behavioral assessment |
traditional is one-time assessment; behavioral assessment tends to be ongoing (e.g., frequency of autistic child's head-banging)
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parallel process |
when a therapist feels and acts towards supervisor similarly to how their patient acts and feels towards them |
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L-Dopa or Levodopa is what? |
an amino acid used to treat movement components of Parkinson's disease |
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Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory |
people resolve unpleasantness of dissonance by changing their cognitions |
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Deci's extrinsic rewards effects on intrinsic motivation |
intrinsic motivation may not be decreased when extrinsic reward is based on competency (control vs. inform) |
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What type of sampling when you divide the population into groups and then select from them? |
Cluster sampling |
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Largest number of violent deaths in adolescents due to what in which group? |
homicide in African American males (over half of deaths between 15-24) |
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Schizoaffective vs. bipolar with psychotic features? |
schizoaffective requires at least two weeks of psychotic sxs without mood |
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Based on the Ethics Code, are complaints about sexual harassment grounds for denying academic advancement? |
No, this is prohibited for COMPLAINTS, although the manner in which it is resolved may be factored |
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Deindividuation vs. conformity |
suspending one's private self-identity and adopting instead the identity of the group; vs. changing one's behavior as a result of group pressure |
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MMPI validity scales |
L-lie (naïve attempt to present favorably) F-fake bad K- guardedness- too low means they’re being too open |
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James-Lange vs. Cannon-Bard vs. Schacter's Theories of Emotion |
James- a person perceives an event, reacts, and then interprets body changes as an emotion; Cannon-Bard- it is simultaneous in nature Schacter- we use external cues to differentiate and label emotions |
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What is DRO for reinforcement? |
Differential reinforcement of other behaviors (e.g, reward each day not drinking) |
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What are Ethics guidelines for media psychologist statements? |
Must be based on appropriate psychological literature and practice, must be consistent with the Code, and make clear there is no therapeutic relationship established |
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Developmental theory- decalage |
unevenness in development (e.g., savant) |
(?) de- not linked to age- development |
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Referent power vs. legitimate vs. expert power |
role model vs. boss vs. expert |
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Tonic clonic seizure |
grand mal |
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2 types of partial seizures |
Jacksonian/simple partial - marches up limb, complex partial- also change in consciousness |
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Petit mal seizure |
generalized, brief change in consciousness (absence) |
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A utility analysis measures what? |
improvement in productivity from a program (dollar value of benefits generated) |
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Beck's cognitive theory of depression |
Cognitive distortions are gradually made over series of experiences |
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Depressive triad |
depressive triad negative view of self, world, future |
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If you are assisting the defense and are called as fact witness, what do you do? |
Do so only after clarifying role expectations and extent of confidentiality |
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Lazarus's theory of emotion, stress, and coping |
cognitive appraisal- primary (judge situation), secondary (evaluation of resources to cope), re-appraisal (adjust as needed) |
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Gerstmann’ssyndrome |
damaged dominant parietal lobe- angular gyrus-agraphia, acalculia, R-L confusion, finger agnosia |
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Kluver-Bucysyndrome |
rare, damage to both anterior temporal lobes-hyperorality (putting objects in ones mouth), hypersexuality, and possiblyvisual agnosia, no fear/anger response, memory loss, distractibility, seizures,dementia |
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Chromosomal syndromes: Klinefelter's vs triple X vs Turner's vs Xyy syndrome |
Klinefelter’s syndrome- male with extra x XXY-infertility, abrnomal dev of 2ndary sex chars Triple X syndrome- woman with extra x- XXX-infertility Turner’s syndrome- XO- chromosomal abnormality-may result in abnormal dev of 2ndary sexual chars (no menses, ov) and infertility XYY syndrome- men taller and may have beh probsor learning dis |
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Most frequent ethical concern, Most frequent ethical complaints |
confidentiality sexual misconduct |
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Behavioral marital therapy |
rooted in social learning theory & behavioral analysis- maladaptive behavior results from deficient reward exchanges and communication problems |
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If you are conducting family therapy and are asked to testify for a hearing, how can you participate? |
As a fact witness (cannot do custody evaluation, and expert witness would be a multiple relationship) |
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Maslow's theory |
Hierarchy of needs (physio, safety, belonging & love, esteem, self-actualization) |
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ERG theory |
A needs theory modified from Maslow's- existence, relatedness, and growth (not hierarchical) |
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Hierarchy of needs vs. Acquired needs theory |
Maslow (hierarchy); McClelland (used TAT)- work-related |
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Vroom's theory |
VIE- people will behave in ways that are based on their perceived expectancy of success and rewards |
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thalamus vs hypothalamus functions |
sensory relay center- all senses except smell; vs. homeostatic functions (sleep-wake, temp, hunger, aggression) |
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types of scoring- additive, compensatory, conjunctive |
additive- each score contributes -- additive IS compensatory conjunctive aka multiple cutoff procedure- each score looked at needs to be above a certain cutoff |
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Which theory (& by whom) extended Maslow's need theory? |
Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory (divides needs into upper level (motivators) and lower level (hygiene) |
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Lewinsohn's perspective about depression origin & related therapy |
Depression is caused by low rate of behavior (developed behavioral activation) |
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dystonia vs. akathisia vs. akinesia vs. bradykinesia |
spasms vs. restlessness/excessive mvts vs. difficulty initiating vs. slowed movements |
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Demographics most associated with suicide |
White, male, middle SES |
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de Shazer's therapy |
solution-focused therapy: "post-modern" family therapy by - miracle question, exception question, and scaling question |
solution-focused therapy |
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Richard Stuart's therapy |
marital behavior therapy- ratio of costs & benefits |
marital behavior therapy |
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Michael White's therapy |
narrative therapy- re-storying and unique outcomes |
narrative therapy |
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Milan group used what strategies? |
positive connotation and circular questioning |
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correlation of IQ -reared together vs apart -identical twins -parent and child |
sibs together .50, apart .25 monozygotic .75 parent-child .40-.45 |
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classical decision theory vs. behavioral decision theory |
aka rational-economic model (examine all possible solutions before choosing one) vs. administrative decision making (Simon- recognizing real-life limits) |
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Use for Frame of Reference (FOR) training |
reduce ratee-based sources of error (provides performance standards to help raters determine good/bad) |
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caution should be used prescribing tricyclics to who? |
someone with mania/bipolar (also true for tricyclics and MAOIs)
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Greatest concerns for Quality Assurance vs. Utilization Review |
QA: access, adequacy, and appropriateness of procedures; UR: necessity of procedures |
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Mania is what according to psychoanalytic theory? |
a defense against depression |
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Short- and Long term effects of divorce (younger & older) |
Initial recovery 3-5 years; Most (2/3) children and adolescents do not suffer long-lasting negative effects. Worse if parents argue openly. Younger do poorer early, whereas older poorer later in life |
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George Kelly's theory |
Personal Construct Theory- people are scientists- they experience the world based on anticipation of future, which is turned on past experience |
Personal Construct Theory |
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Where is Broca's area vs. Wernicke's area? |
Left frontal lobe vs. temporal lobes |
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confabulation and which syndrome leads to it |
fabricated or imagined information when filling in memory gaps; Korsakoff's- no insight/concern about it |
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Kohlberg's stages of moral development (6) |
Pre-conventional (stages 1 obedience-2 self-interest); Conventional (stages 3 social consensus- 4 authority and social order); Post-Conventional (stages 5 social contract - 6 universal ethical) |
Related to convention |
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Changes from DSM-IV to 5 (3) |
Nonaxial dx, categorical perspective, personality d/o may be dxed in children except antisocial |
Axes, cat vs. dimens, and personality d/os |
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Levinson's perspective on adulthood from his book Seasons of a Man's Life |
stages in life based on age- moments of stable & transition. early adult, entering adult, age 30, settling down, mid-life, entering middle adulthood, late aduulthood |
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If you are asked to do custody eval and only one parent agrees, you should... |
proceed but state limits of the data |
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behavioral marital therapy vs. structural vs systemic vs systems family therapy |
Behavioral- Weiss & Stuart- communication problems & deficient reward exchanges; Structural- Minuchin- hierarchies, boundaries, & subsystems; Systemic- Milan- circular questioning & hypothesis formation to foster change; Systems- Bowen- differentiation issues |
structural- like a high-rise building systemic- think of contextual framework & breaking the cycle systems- how does each person fit into the system? |
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Case Larry P. v. Riles |
racial and cultural biases in IQ testing for school children |
think biases about children |
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Griggs v. Duke Power Company |
biases in testing industry |
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Brown v. Board of Education |
equal educational opportunities |
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CAPP v Rank |
Hospital privileges for psychs in CA |
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4 important legal cases Larry P. vs ? Griggs vs ? Brown vs. ? CAPP vs. ? |
Larry P vs. Riles- education/race Griggs vs. Duke Power-industry Brown vs. Board Educ- educ opps CAPP vs Rank- CA Psych privileges |
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Kirkpatrick's training evaluation model (4 levels of evaluation) |
Assesses effectiveness of training. "Response" 1- participant reactions 2- learning 3- behavior/transfer 4- effects on business |
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Cross's Nigrescence models (4 stages) |
1. preencounter/conformity 2. encounter/dissonance 3. Immersion/emersion /resistance 4. Internalization/integrative awareness |
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Bayes' Theorem |
relation among conditional probabilities - describes the likelihood of certain occurrences given likelihood of other occurrences |
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Schein's career model |
Career anchors- person's self-concept is a stabilizing force determining what future decisions are made (8 categories) |
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Schein's 8 career anchors |
autonomy/independence, security/stability, technical/functional competence, general managerial comp., entrepreneurial creativity, service/dedication, pure challenge, lifestyle |
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Holland's theory |
Personality-job fit (RIASEC) |
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neuroleptic aka what? and what is it best for? |
antipsychotic; best for positive sxs of schizophrenia |
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Festinger & Carlsmith's study |
cognitive dissonance- boring task, received $1 or $20 and asked to lie. |
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Sherif's study |
conformity- autokinetic effect "Robber's Cave" study- decreases intergroup hostility with a superordinate goal |
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Schacter & Singer's study |
epinephrine- social, physio, cog determinants of emotional state |
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Solomon Four-Group design vs. Latin Square |
4 group- To control for effects of testing (practice effects) - each combination of conditions Latin Square- controls for carryover with repeated measures |
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MDD prepubertal and adult rates men:women |
equal prepubertal 1:1.5-3 beginning in adolescence |
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Foods to avoid on MAOIs |
alcohol, smoked, aged, fermented foods (aged cheese, fava/broad beans, smoked meats)- results in hypertensive crisis/stroke |
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Most essential in Beck's CBT- approach and 2 characteristics |
collaborative empiricism; based on automatic thinking and logical errors |
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According to the Ethics Code, when should fees be established in therapy? |
"As soon as possible" |
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Taylor-Russell tables |
used for selection of the best employees |
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In Taylor-Russell tables, what is base rate, selection ratio, and what optimizes incremental validity |
base rate is rate of selecting successful employees without predictor test; selection ratio (#openings:#applicants)- incremental validity optimized when base rate is moderate and selection rate is low |
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Latent trait model aka...? |
Item response theory |
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Boundary disturbances in gestalt |
Introjection - taking what others say as a whole without critical analysis Projection- suspiciousness Confluence- lack of awareness of conflicts Retroflection- turning on oneself behaviors one wants to do to others- self-harm |
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Meichenbaum's therapy |
Self-Instructional therapy (Coping statements, skill dev, self-reinforcement), good for ADHD, theoretically based on Vygotsky & Luria |
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Interactional justice is what and its two components? |
The quality of interpersonal tx received during the process- fairness 1. Informational - appropriateness of explanation given for procedures used 2. Interpersonal - manner in which ppl are treated by authority figures in decision making |
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Magnification |
Exaggerating things as bigger OR SMALLER than they really are |
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Wolpe's therapy and what school of thought? |
Developed systematic desensitization Classical conditioning (incompatible responses) |
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Palilalia vs echolalia |
Repetition of ones own words vs others' words |
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Echopraxia and echokinesis |
Imitating or repeating movements of others |
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Autism male:female prevalence Best prognosis for what? |
4:1 Absence of intellectual impairment |
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Opioid peptides vs antagonists |
Amino acids that mimic opiates; vs act on opiate receptors to block the effects of opiates in the brain |
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Opioid peptides vs antagonists |
Amino acids that mimic opiates; vs act on opiate receptors to block the effects of opiates in the brain |
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Examples of catecholamines and functions |
Dopamine, norepinephrine/noradrenaline, epinephrine/adrenaline Cause general physio changed that prepare the body for physical activity |
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Stanley Sue and Nolan Zane's considerations for ethnic minorities |
Credibility and giving |
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Fiedler's Contigency Theory |
Looks at how a leader rates the least preferred coworker (LPC) |
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Fiedler's Contigency Theory |
Looks at how a leader rates the least preferred coworker (LPC) |
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High LPC leaders do best in what? |
moderately favorable situations |
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Can you ethically pay for publicity? What about media employee? |
Yes, as long as it is identified as such. Not ethical to pay an employee to write an article. |
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Two-factor theory needs that cause dissatisfaction vs satisfaction |
Job Context vs job content |
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Multi-systems approach and what is it best for? |
Considers many intersecting systems that affect clients' lives. Recommended for Af Am clients |
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Three strata model of intelligence |
G, ten broad cognitive abilities, and 70 narrow abilities |
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Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence focuses on what? |
Process rather than product |
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Sternberg's theory |
"G" intelligence |
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Right hemisphere damage results in what? |
Indifference, euphoria, depression, hysteria, manic excitement, impulsivity |
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Hypnogogic vs hypnopompic hallucinations |
fall asleep vs waking up |
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Descriminant analysis used for what? |
Predicting group membership from several IVs |
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Organizational Development |
Focuses on systematic ways to bring about planned change using systems approach to organizational change |
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Who has relative strength in Embedded Figures test? |
Children with Autism spectrum disorder |
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Common side effects of traditional antipsychotics |
Akathesia, involves a feeling of intense restlessness, anxiety and dysphasia |
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Proactive vs retroactive inhibition |
The interfering info occurs after what you learned; vs the interfering info occurred before learning (think of the target current learning) |
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Anatomy aka circadian clock in the hypothalamus |
suprachiasmatic nucleus |
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Culturally encapsulated |
makes inappropriate generalizations about a particular group of clients based on race or culture |
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Reticular activating system |
filters incoming sensory info, mediates, alterness, and is involved in the sleep-wake cycle in the brainstem |
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VRIN and TRIN on MMPI |
response inconsistency and random sampling |
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When deception is used in research |
Participants must be informed of purpose afterwards (need consent first regardless of whether they know about the deception piece) |
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Standard error is in terms of what? |
Standard deviation |
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Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome |
a model or response to severe stress - 3 stages (alarm, resistance, exhaustion) |
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Tx of choice for OCD and 2nd choice |
Exposure with response prevention; 2nd choice cog therapy |
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For whom is supportive psychotherapy recommended? |
Patients with chronic mental illness, eg., schizophrenia or ppl experiencing life transitions |
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Thalamus is known as |
The relay station for all senses except olfaction |
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Pituitary gland (along with hypothalamus) |
master endocrine gland; temperature reg, sleep-wake, arousal, movement |
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James Marcia's identity statuses |
Describes 4 stages for adolescents- foreclosure (commitment/no conflict), identity diffusion (avoid exploring or making commitments), moratorium (in a crisis, commitments not yet made), identity achievement (experienced crisis and made commitments) |
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Std error of the estimate is affected by what 2 things? |
SD of criterion (direct), criterion-related validity (indirect) |
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Standard error of the mean- definition, formula, relation to pop/sample size |
SDpop/sqrt(N) - direct relationship with SD of the pop and indirect with sample size |
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Formula for std error of measurement |
SDx*sqrt(1-rxx) |
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Formula for std error of estimate |
SDy*sqrt(1-rxy^2) |
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function of the medulla |
basic functions- respiration, cardiovascular, sleep, consciousness |
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Approaches for assessment that control for halo effect |
Training raters, forced response format, Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scale (relative methods do not help) |
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Gender differences in divorce |
Women adapt better than men |
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Research on crowding has shown what? (gender, arousal, culture) |
Men are more affected by crowding than women, heightens arousal in general, cultural variables influence effects |
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Dismantling strategy |
Various components of a tx are analyzed separately to understand components accounting for tx effect |
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Neurotransmitter associated with sleep and mood |
serotonin |
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Neurotransmitter involved in voluntary movement and memory |
acetylcholine |
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Partial complex seizures originate in what part of brain? |
Temporal lobes |
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Who/therapy encouraging natural and logical consequences of good behavior and focus on goals of misbehavior |
Adler- Systematic Training in Effective Parenting (part of Individual Psychology)- STEP |
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1 SD above mean in z, T, and %ile? |
z=+1, T=60, 84%ile |
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Characteristics of preoperational child (3 things) |
(ages 2-7) egocentric, intuitive, and uses symbolic activity. (Cannot conserve nor use deductive reasoning) |
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Skinner vs. Watson |
operant behaviorist- related to "behavioral contrast" vs. classical conditioning (pairing) |
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Somatic symptom disorder with predominant pain |
Sxs that predominantly involve pain, are distressing or result in sig disruption of daily life (with excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors related to the sxs) |
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Self-In-Relation theory |
Women develop their sense of self through relationships with others (opposes male-oriented theories about autonomy and separation).- Wellesley College |
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Response cost |
Occurs when someone loses something for misbehavior- negative punishment |
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Range of standard error of measurement vs. of the estimate |
0 - SDx for measurement 0- SDy for estimate |
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3 variables that affect incremental validity |
base rate, selection ratio, criterion-related validity (corr with scores on some measure of performance; higher=better incremental validity) |
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male:female prevalence in MDD, ASD, and ADHD |
MDD: 1:1.5-3 ASD: 4:1 ADHD: 2:1 |
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Which part of ethics code is aspirational and which part is enforceable? |
Aspirational: 5 Principals Enforceable: 10 Standards |
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Mahler's psychoanalytic developmental stages- separation etc. |
0-1 mo: autistic 2-4 mos: symbiotic 4-5 mos: separation-individuation |
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4 subphases of Mahler's separation-individuation stage |
5-10 mos: differentiation/stranger anxiety 10-16 mo: practicing/separation anxiety 16-24: rapprochement 24-36: consolidation/object constancy |
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Psychotherapy outcome is most influenced by what type of factors? (therapist/client/etc) |
Client factors (diagnoses, motivation for change, distress, etc) |
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nocebo/nocebic |
Something that causes an ill effect caused by the suggestion or belief that something is harmful (opposite of placebo) |
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Concordance rate of Bipolar 1 for identical twins |
75-80% |
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stimulus generalization aka what? |
mediated generalization |
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the defense mechanism thought to underlie all others |
repression- making the conscious unconscious- forms the foundation of denial, projection, and reaction formation |
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To optimize teaching of inner city children by inner city teachers |
focus on increasing teacher's expectancies of children's performance - self-fulfilling prophesy |
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overextension & underextension pertain to what? |
using a word too broadly or too narrowly |
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holophrasic & telegraphic speech |
holophrasic- ages 12-18 mo- use single word to express complex idea "up" telegraphic- 18-24 mo- two word, noun-verb sentences- "pick up" |
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Bizarre delusions are possible in what disorders? |
schizophrenia, schizoaffective, or delusional d/o |
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4/5ths rule used to determine what? |
Adverse impact |
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interdependence vs conjunctive |
group members need to work together in order to succeed; vs. group's overall functioning is affected by the least effective member |
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conjunctive vs disjunctive task |
conjunctive- group performance limited by weakest member; disjunctive- group members pick a solution offered by one of the members |
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deficiencies in serotonin & norepinephrine associated with what? |
depression and eating disorders |
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low levels of GABA associated with what? |
anxiety disorders |
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parts of basal ganglia in Parkinson's vs. Huntington's |
substantia nigra; vs. caudate nucleus |
Park at Niagra Falls; Hunt for nuclear dates |
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Who gave testimony in Brown v. Board of Education using innovative psych tests with dolls? |
Kenneth Clark |
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The more items a test has...? |
The more reliable the test is. Will also indirectly effect validity (increase) but to a lesser extent |
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Weiner's theory |
Attribution & Emotion- Addresses the stability and instability of internal and external factors (locus of control) |
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Generalization about therapy approach for Asian Americans |
Prefer a logical, structured, and directive approach in therapy. If unacculturated, more likely to seek services for practical problems rather than emotional problems. |
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job satisfaction is positively weakly correlated with what and moderately with what? |
weak- performance, mod- length of employment |
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OCD prevalence in childhood and adulthood males/females |
childhood: males>females adulthood: females>males |
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Two way ANOVA results in |
3 F ratios- 2 main effects and one possible interaction |
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Radiation for cerebellar astrocytomas may result in |
learning problems & reduction in growth |
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theme-interference problems |
experienced by supervisee/consultee; can affect patients' progress |
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transgender diagnosis (careful- DSM-5) |
gender dysphoria (gender identity disorder was DSM-IV) |
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Piaget's adaptation theory |
the process of adjusting to the environment using assimilation (incorporating new experience - see bird and say "plane") & accommodation(modifying or expanding a cognitive structure- "things that fly") |
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who has privilege in court-ordered treatment? evaluation? |
Tx: client Eval: no one |
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Focus of Neo-Freudians vs. Ego analysts |
Neo-F: Social interactions (shape personality) Ego: ego defensive and conflict-free functioning |
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Substances whose withdrawal syndromes involve hallucinations |
alcohol, sedatives, hypnotics, and anxiolytics (e.g., barbiturates) |
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Withdrawal from amphetamines vs. opioid |
Amph: dysphoria, fatigue, unpleasant dreams, increased appetite, psychomotor agitation Opioid: flu-like |
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most powerful therapist ingredient for therapy outcome |
empathy |
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Yalom's therapy |
Group therapy- 3 stages |
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Type of attachment associated with types of recall of attachment experiences in Adult Attachment Interview |
secure- secure ambivalent/anxious- preoccupied dismissing- avoidant disorganized- disorganized |
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Meds of choice for: bipolar I anxiety depression schiz/tics |
Bipolar- lithium Anx- buspar Dep- Prozac Schiz- Haloperidol |
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respondent conditioning
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pairing an initially neutral stimulus with an aversive unconditioned stimulus (getting sick on Friday the 13th) |
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Effect size in recent psychotherapy outcome research |
.85 (people do about .85 of a standard deviation better than untreated people) |
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fear of public speaking |
social anxiety disorder, performance only |
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Multiple relationships |
do not need to be avoided; should not be expected to cause impairment or risk exploitation or harm |
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the term "professional psychologist" |
a person with a doctorate in psych from a regionally accredited school (not nec licensed- then it is a clinical psychologist) |
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What happens to a correlation when range is restricted? |
Gets smaller/lower |
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shape of z score distribution vs %ile |
z- identical to the shape of the raw score distribution; %ile- flat |
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Is advertising first session free ethical? |
yes, ethical as long as no coercion or undue influence occurs |
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Communications Family Therapy |
Mental Research Institute group- Satir, Jackson, Bateson- focus on double binds |
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HIPAA requirement for sending confidential info by electronic means |
mark it confidential |
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ipsative vs ideographic study design |
relative strengths and weaknesses within a subject using forced-choice format; vs. single subject approach |
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Elizabeth Kubler-Ross |
5 stages of grief - denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance (DABDA) |
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damage to temporal lobe affects what type of memory function? (2 details) |
long-term explicit / consolidation |
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effects of job enrichment vs enlargement |
enrichment- more responsibility- increases satisfaction and performance enlargement- more variety- increases satisfaction but not performance |
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Kohlberg's stages of gender identity in children |
1. gender labeling- based on physical appearances 2. gender stability- boys grow up to be daddies 3. gender consistency- understand permanent across time and situation |
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Gestalt perspective on dreams |
reflect aspects of a person- each element is part of who they are |
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Ellen Berscheid's research on relationship |
How features of exterior (physical & social environment) influence relation satisfaction |
"Birds are outside" |
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Gottman's theory on relationships |
Importance of friendship on successful marriages |
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Nancy Boyd-Franklin's perspective on working with Af Am clients |
Meet outside the office setting to include members of support system |
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Erikson goals of stages: trust vs mistrust Autonomy Initiative industry vs inferiority Intimacy vs isolation Generativity integrity vs dispair |
1. Hope 2. Will 3. Purpose 4. Competence 5. Fidelity 6. Love 7. Care 8. Wisdom |
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68% vs 95% vs 99% CI in standard errors of measurement |
+/-1, 2, 3 Std. Errors of Measurement (95%=2) |
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anosagnosia vs prosopagnosia vs agnosia |
inability to recognize: one's own disabiility vs. faces vs. objects |
one of them is more abstract than concrete |
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Piaget's concepts of accommodation vs. assimilation (& house analogy as examples) |
accommodation- adjusting to reality demands by reorganizing, modifying, or expanding existing cog structures (adding floor to house) assimilation- taking in a new experience and incorporating it into existing cog structures (organizing books on shelf) |
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Prochaska & DiClemente's Stages of Change Model (5) |
precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance |
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overcrowding (4 effects) |
negative moods in men (women in opposite- low-density); increases withdrawal, frequency of illness increases, physio arousal occurs but depends on appraisal |
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age of racial awareness |
3-4 years |
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formative evaluation vs summative eval vs consultation |
consultant focuses on the evaluation of a program they designed (ongoing) vs. only at end, vs coming in for specific goals for consultation |
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Exposure therapy- frequency vs. duration of exposure most effective? |
Duration- "prolonged exposure" |
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Tiedeman & O'Hara- successful career development based on what? |
Differentiation and integration |
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How are views different on career dev? -Tiedeman & O'Hara -Super -Holland -Krumboltz |
-differentiation/integration -8 life roles -knowledge of oneself and working world -learned modeling/reinforcemt |
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Gain-Loss Theory |
People we like most are those who initially don't like us and then then change their perspective to come to like us. (We feel like we have gained something) |
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Strongest argument for and against dopamine hypothesis |
Cocaine intoxication can result in hallucinations; Novel antipsychotics do not target dopamine |
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Job enrichment and enlargement affect workers how? (Herzberg) |
Reducing boredom |
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Crisis intervention goal |
return or restore the patient to premorbid level of functioning |
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Piaget's theory on language and thought |
how language is used varies and is determined by stage-related cognitive structures available |
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Buckley Amendment |
protected the privacy of student records (Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act) |
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Locke's Goal Setting Theory |
Goals should be specific rather than global, intermediate to high level of difficulty, workers should receive feedback on performance, workers' believe goal is attainable, workers accept and commit to goals |
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Psychoanalytic view on countertransference |
helpful to understand transference (would not talk about it with patient) |
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Troiden's model of gay and lesbian identity development |
1. sensitization (feels different) 2. identity confusion (recognition of homosexual feelingss) 3. Identity assumption- manage social stigma- increased contact (denial, avoidance, repair) 4. Commitment- integration of identity |
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TAT |
personality and projective |
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Disorder with lowest interrater reliablity |
GAD |
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Best distribution of good vs bad performance on a test for a person to interpret as capable |
If correct answers mostly at beginning (primacy effect) |
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Mental health advocate vs advocacy consultant |
advocate would represent a patient in hearings, vs. consultant pushes for social justice and reform (think legislation/policy) |
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Kochanska on the development of conscience |
Early temperament and parenting styles (inhibitory control and low impulsivity) |
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Piaget would say that moral development is linked to what? |
cognitive development |
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Primary memory |
short-term memory- hold info for up to 30 seconds |
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According to code of conduct, to practice in forensic settings you must what? |
become reasonably familiar with judicial rules governing their roles |
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Psychoanalytic perspective on borderline, narcissistic |
borderline- abandonment rage narcissistic- omnipotence and narcissistic defenses |
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Interpersonal therapy (Klerman) |
focuses on current relationships and how they link with presenting problems ("here-and-now") |
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Sullivan & Meyer interpersonal theory |
social and cultural factors in personality develpment |
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If you did marital therapy and are asked to testify on one person's behalf about custody |
refuse to testify (need objective third party to conduct evaluation for recommendations) |
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Biggest challenge in anorexia nervosa? |
Poor historians/deny having a problem |
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schizoid vs schizotypal pd |
schizoid - detachment/indifference from social relationships schizotypal- discomfort with interpersonal relationships |
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Privacy in Employee Assistance Program |
Report on attendance and agreement to comply with treatment but not details- client must be informed of this limitation and informed consent must be obtained (don't need release) |
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exosystem vs macrosystem |
- exosystem- relationship between several settings in mesosystem - macrosystem- influences of culture (broader) |
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Best treatment for insomnia? |
CBT-I |
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Rosenstock's Health Belief Model |
health behaviors result from joint influence of psychosocial factors, PERCEPTION of susceptibility/seriousness, benefits/barriers |
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Piaget's heteronomous vs autonomous morality |
-heteronomous/Kohlberg's preconventional - ages 5-10 belief that rules are decided upon by authority figures -autonomous morality/Kohlberg's conventional- starts at 10, rules are flexible and agreed upon by others |
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Tarasoff rulings ofo CA
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duty to warn- threats against a third party |
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Theory from Schacter's study using shock |
social comparison theory- people were drawn to one another due to anxiety of shock |
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Helms' model of white racial identity (6) |
1. contact (ignorant), 2. disintegration (feel uncomfortable with advantages of being white), 3. reintegration (acceptance of racism), 4. pseudo-independence (seeking new info), 5. immersion/emersion (search for comfortable way to be white), 6. autonomy (achieve redefinition) |
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"peripheral factors" in James-Lange theory of emotions |
bodily sensations ("my heart is racing, I must be afraid") |
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Privilege in court-ordered evaluation |
There is no privilege |
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Cerebrovascular damage likely to lead to what? |
Depression (e.g., post-stroke) |
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Expected outcome from treatment for low SES |
higher drop-out rate, but if they stay in, they derive AS MUCH benefit as high SES |
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Heterosexism vs homophobia |
belief in superiority of heterosexuals; vs. fear |
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definitions of valence, instrumentality & expectancy in VIE theory |
V- value attached to rewards I- belief that success will result in rewards E- expectancy of SUCCESS |
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Hypothalamus vs thalamus for hormones |
Hypothalamus regulates hormone release, but thalamus relays sensory info |
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triangulation vs coalition in family therapy |
triangulation- both parents try to get child to take sides coalition- alliance between two family members against another |
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Type of recall where primacy AND recency effects occur |
Immediate (but only primacy for longer term recall) |
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what type of data is used for trend analysis? |
non-linear |
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Criteria for learning disorder diagnosis |
Achievement at least 1.5 SD (below 7th percentile) below pop mean for age, not better accounted for by intellectual disabilities |
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Alderfer's ERG theory |
Existence, Relatedness, Growth (ERG) basic needs, all simultaneous-- satisfying a need may make it stronger (better empirical support than Maslow) |
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When can a test be used that has adverse impact? |
When test is valid, job-related, and no alternatives are available (adverse impact is 4/5ths rule) |
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Correlates of job satisfaction |
inverse with mental health problems, age (older-better), genetic (no gender diffs) |
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What to do when court has ordered release of records? |
Ask for order to be modified, then release records if not |
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multiple R vs canonical R |
multiple- only one criterion variable canonical- more than one criterion |
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empirical criterion-keying |
developing a scoring key in terms of external standards (e.g., MMPI) |
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Abramson & Alloy's depression research |
Depressed persons tend to have a more realistic assessment of their ability to control an outcome |
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hostility attribution bias |
person expects others to be hostile and acts aggressively as a result |
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