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118 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Psychoanalytic theory says defenses are... and anxiety is due to...
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Defenses are to keep impulses unconscious Anxiety occurs when defenses break down
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What is reaction formation?
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Reaction formation is a defense mechanism - show feeling opposite to what you're feeling.
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Which personality disorder tends to use reaction formation most often as a defense?
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Tends to be used most often by obsessive compulsives.
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What did Freud's theorioes focus on?
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Internal, unconscious drives
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What are the stages of his theory?
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Oral Anne is a Pretty Little Girl
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According to Freud, what is the basic defense?
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Repression
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According to Freud, who tends to use projection as a defense?
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Paranoid individuals
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What did Carl Jung state happens as we age?
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move from introversion to extroversion
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What common crisis did Jung define?
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midlife crisis
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What did Sullivan focus on?
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The cognitive experiences of infants.
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What is parataxic as defined by Sullivan?
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Parataxic is like transference. Individuals relate to others based upon experiences w/family members
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What did the Neo-Freudians focus on?
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1. social and cultural influences on personality
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What did the object relations theory focus on?
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1. development of introjects based upon early interactions
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What disorders does Object Relations theory attempt to explain?
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Borderline & Narcistic PD
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What defenses does Object Relations define?
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Alloplastic (think others should change, e.g., narcissist) and autoplastic(think you should change - e.g., neurotic person)
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What was Adler's theory? What was its focus?
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1. Individual Psych 2. overcoming inferiority and need for power & attention
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What was Beck's theory? What does a automatic thought mean to Beck?
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1. CT 2. an interpretation of a situation
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Give an example of a type of automatic thinking & define it
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Arbitrary inference, overgeneralization, dichotomous thinking, or personalization
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How do distorted percentions lead to behavior?
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distortion -> schemata ->automatic thought->behavior
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According to cognitive theory, when are irrational thoughts maladaptive?
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When they interfere w/functioning
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What is the cognitive triad of depression?
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1. negative thoughts about self, future, & world 4.
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Is CT or medication better for depression?
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CT equal to or better than meds
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What is the initial focus of therapy w/severe depression?
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Negotiate behavioral tasks to increase activity level
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What's 1st thing to do if client severly depressed?
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refer for medical eval
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What did Seligman contribute?
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1. Concept of learned helplessness
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What did Michenbaum contribute?
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The use of self-talk or self-instruction
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What is IPT? What is its primary application?
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1. Interpersonal Therapy 2. short term therapy for depression
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According to Interpersonal Therapy, what contributes to depression?
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According to IPT depression is due to early attachment disturbances
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What theory did Ellis create? What is its focus?
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1. REBT 2. irrational beliefs
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What diagram best describes it?
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ABC model (Activating event, Beliefs, Consequences of beliefs)
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According to Ellis and REBT, when are irrational thoughts maladaptive?
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Always
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Which Biofeedback technique good for tension headaches?
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EMG biofeedback is good for tension related problems
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Which Biofeedback technique good for bloodflow issues like a migrane?
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Thermal biofeedback is good for bloodflow issues.
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How effective is Biofeedback?
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Biofeedback is not necessarily better than simple relaxation
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What do Existential/Humanist focus on?
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Existential/humanist focus on the subjective experience in the here and now
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How do existential/humanist view psychopathology?
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According to existential/humanist psychopathology is a well intentioned defense that never the less interferes with personal growth.
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What did Maslow contribute to psychology?
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Hierarchy of needs
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What is the overall goal of life according to Maslow?
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Maslow viewed the primary goal of life as self- acutalization
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According to Maslow, in what order are needs met?
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Basic primary needs are met before relationship needs and before self-actualization.
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What did Kohler contribute? What did his theory lead to?
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1. focus on Insight learning (ah-ha experience) 2. development of gestalt theory
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What did F.Perl contribute? According to Perl, what is fantasy?
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1. Gestalt theory 2. Fantasy is anything outside of here and now.
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What is the primary goal of Gestalt theory?
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Awareness of a greater whole
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What is the focus of Gestalt theory?
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Integrating selves into the greater whole
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What is Roger's theory?
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Client-centered
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What is the goal of Roger's client-centered theory?
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Reconcile discrepancy between ideal & real self
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What does client centered therapy discourage?
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Client centered therapists discourage emphasis on a diagnosis
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What is Glasser's theory?
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1. Reality
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What is the goal of Glasser's Reality Theory?
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Reality therapy strives to create a successful identity.
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What is the focus of Reality Therapy?
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Power, affiliation, & fun
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According to the communication's theory of psychopathology, what two types of communication are possible between individuals?
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Symmetrical & complementary
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Which communication style involves people of 2 different roles?
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Complementary
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According to communication's theorists, what is a double-bind?
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When 2 aspects of the same message conflict (e.g., spoken communication does not match non-verbal communication).
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What is Milton Erikson greatest contribution to therapy?
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Milton Erikson pioneered the paradoxical directive (I.e., prescribing the symptom, or asking client to increase the behavior they want to stop).
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The paradoxical directive likey reduces what associated with the problem behavior?
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The paradoxical directive likely decreases the anticipatory anxiety of the behavior through exposure.
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What does Existential therapy focus on?
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The ultimate concerns of existence
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What is TA? What does it focus on?
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1. Transactional Analysis 2. Life scripts and the choices we tend to repeat in our lives.
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What are 3 benefits of group therapy?
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1. interpersonal learning, catharsis, cohesiveness
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When should co-leaders resolve their conflict in front of the group?
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Co-leaders should resolve their conflict in front of the group in the later stages of the process.
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What is a downside of doing group and individual therapy together?
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Concomittant individual therapy may detract from that individual's contribution during group sessions.
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What is the focus of Bowen's Family therapy?
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1. Bowen believed it was best to work w/ the most differentiated family member
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Bowenian theory was one of the first to introduce the idea of triangulation. What is triangulation?
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Triangulation occurs when two family members attempt to form a coalition with a third to disempower the other family members. In the classic Bowenian example, each parent attempts to get the child to side w/them.
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MMPI-2 uses what type of scoring? What is difference between MMPI-A & MMPI-2?
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The MMPI is a criterion keyed measure. That is, items distinguish different groups of psychiatric patients. 2. MMPI-A is the adolescent version. MMPI-2 best used on those 18 years old and older.
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What population is the MMPI-2 designed for?
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psychiatric population
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How are MMPI-2 results analyzed?
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MMPI results are analyzed through a process of pattern analysis. Certain code types capture reliable behavior patterns.
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What are the MMPI-2 validity scales?
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The MMPI-2 uses three validity scales: L scale (faking good), F scale (faking bad), K scale (consistency of responding)
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Other personality scales: SCL-90 MCMI-III
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1. self report inventory 2. labeled as DSM categories
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What is the Kuder Vocational? What is the Kuder good for?
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The Kuder also assesses interest, but it assesses interest in specific occupational areas. Typically, these are more trade related occupations (e.g., plumber, eletrician, etc).
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How do Strong & Kuder differ?
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The Kuder assesses areas outside of traditional academia focus.
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What is the Strong Interest inventory? What is the Strong good for?
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1. assesses occupational interests 2. predicting job satisfaction Scales like realistic, artistic, etc.
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Projectives What are the steps of Rorschach administration?
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1. introduction, instructions, responses, & inquiry (which helps with scoring)
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What does recent research say about the Rorschach?
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Recent advances in Rorschach scoring systems have led to an increase in validity of results.
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What is the biggest suicide risk factor?
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A feeling of hopelessness.
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What is the goal of family therapy? What is the focus of family therapy?
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The goal of family therapy is to solve the presenting problem. 2. The focus is to disrupt family homeostasis which has maintained the problem, but maintain a balance between stability and change so new solutions can emerge.
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What is a basic tenet of family therapy in terms of changing the identified patient?
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Changing the family system will lead to change in the identified patient.
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What did Minuchin add to family therapy literature?
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Minuchen's theory focused on the structural hierarchy of the family. His theory focuses on boundaries (enmeshment vs. disengagement) between family members.
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What did Haley contribute to family therapy literature?
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Haley is the father of strategic therapy.
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What is the focus of strategic therapy?
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Strategic therapy focuses on the communication patterns and power conflicts that maintain the problem behavior. Strategic disruption of these processes leads to problem resolution.
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What 2 things does pain therapy involve?
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1. relaxation & coping skills training
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What does stress inoculation focus on? What is it good for?
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1. Modifying maladaptive cognitions about the problem or situation 2. Worry, aggression & impulsiveness
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According to Minuchin, what is mimesis?
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Mimesis is Minuchen's view of joining with the family
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Hypnotherapy induces what state of consciousness?
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Relaxed (and focused) wakefulness
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What types of problems (name two) is it good for and what is it not good for?
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Hypnotherapy is good for PTSD symptoms, anxiety, and habits (I.e., those disorders that respond to exposure based interventions). It is not good with severe disorders like psychosis.
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Is psychotherapy efffective?
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Yes. Most people (75%) who receive therapy improve.
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Is any particular therapy better than any other?
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No. All therapies appear to be similarly effective.
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Who responds best to therapy?
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Females, particularly adolescent females, respond best to psychotherapy.
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Which factor influences outcome of therapy most?
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Client/problem variables impact therapy the most.
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The most important therapist variables are?
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Competence and the similarity between the therapy beliefs held by client & therapist.
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What is cognitive behavioral therapy most effective for?
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Depression, anxiety, phobia, aggression
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Most important client variables are?
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The client's level of misery/distress and their expectations of therapy
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What is the impact of client/therapist ethnicity matching?
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Ethnicity influences duration in counseling (higher ethnicity matching = longer course of therapy)
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What is relationship between #sessions & improvement?
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Negatively accelerated curve - most change occurs early on but improvement seen up to 26 sessions.
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What are the three types of prevention? What do they work on? (define them)
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1. primary seconday tertiary
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What is brief psychotherapy?
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Short term therapy that attempts to reduce symptoms.
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What is the goal of brief psychotherapy?
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Change behavior, perhaps through flash of insight or new way of viewing situation.
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How does brief psychotherapy view symptoms?
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Symptoms are viewed as maladjustment. They are the result of previously attempted solutions or a failure to adapt old strategies for a new situation.
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What is crisis intervention?
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Psychological and physical "first aid" to reduce symptoms.
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What is the focus and goal?
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The focus is to stabilize current functioning with the goal of returning the person to previous (I.e., precrisis) functioning.
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How does crisis intervention view symptoms?
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Symptoms are viewed as a normal reaction to an abnormal situation.
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What was Prochaska & DiClemente's major contribution to the literature?
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Stages of readiness for change (precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action)
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What is the difference between preparation & action?
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Those in the preparation stage are taking small "baby" steps, but those in action are consistently and actively engaged in changing.
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What is the difference between contemplation & preparation?
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Those in contemplation will act within 6 months, but preparation will act within 1 month.
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What is the Halstead-Reitan? What kind of score does it provide? How long to administer?
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1. neuro psych assmt 2. impairment index= below criterion subtest scores 3. 4-5 hours
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What is the Stroop Color-Word?
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A test frequently utilized as a screener for frontal lobe damage. Describe test.
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What effect would be seen on the Stroop Task for people with left frontal lobe lesions?
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The person would read the word instead of naming the color of the ink.
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Multicultural competency requires ASK. What does ASK stand for?
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1. Awareness, skills, & knowledge
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What is a culturally encapsulated therapist?
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A culturally encapsulated therapist is someone who is unaware of his/her own biases.
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emic vs. etic high context vs. low context
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explain
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What does research reveal about minority utilization of therapy?
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Utilization of therapy varies across (and presumably within?) minorities.
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Which minority has the highest drop out rate for therapy?
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African-Americans
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Which minority has the lowest drop out rate for therapy?
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Asians
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Minorities experience what type of locus of control and locus of responsibility in TODAY'S times?
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Internal locus of control, and external locus of responsibility
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What is a commonly held stereotype about elderly and intelligence?
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Intelligence declines with age
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Who developed a healthy identity model of homosexuality?
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"Cass. Cass proposed that individuals go through six non-age-specific stages: (1) identity awareness--the individual is conscious of being different; (2) identity comparison--the individual believes that he or she may be homosexual, but tries to act heterosexual; (3) identity tolerance--the individual realizes that he or she is homosexual; (4) identity acceptance--the individual begins to explore the gay community; (5) identity pride--the individual becomes active in the gay community; and (6) synthesis--the individual fully accepts himself or herself and others.
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According to Cass, who develops a healthy homosexual identify sooner?
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Boys develop a healthy homosexual identify sooner than girls.
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What are the two basic tenets of feminist theory?
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A woman is the expert of her problems. Therapy should empower women.
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What is the percentage of children diagnosed with Tourette's that are also diagnosed with ADHD?
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60% of those children with Tourette's will also meet criteria for ADHD.
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Which medication may cause an increase tics?
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Stimulant treatment (e.g., methylphenidate), particularly high doses, may cause an increase in motor and vocal tics.
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Name two popular neuropsych tests.
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1. Luria-Nebraska 2. Bender-Gestalt
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