Eppp - Biological Bases Of Behavior

Front 1

ACETYLCHOLINE (Ach)

Back 1

-a neurotransmitter found in the PNS & CNS
- in the PNS it contracts the muscles
-in the CNS it's responsible for REM sleep, maintaenance of memory and circadian rhythm
-Alzhemier's is the effect of degenerated Ach cells
- 2 types of receptors involved:
1)nicotinic = excite
2)muscarinic = inhibitory

Front 2

NEURON

Back 2

- all present from birth
- has 3 parts
1) dendrites
2) cell body (soma)
3) axon

Front 3

FUNCTIONS OF THE PARTS OF THE NEURON

Back 3

DENDRITES
- receive 411 through electrical impulses

CELL BODY
- processes 411 and passes it along the axon

AXON
- actual conduction of the impulses. Accelerated through mylineation

Front 4

GABA - Gamma-aminobutyric acid

Back 4

- inhibitory neurotransmitter invloved with sleep, eating, seizures, & anxiety
- Hungtington's Disease is due to degeneration of cells in the basal ganglia responsible for secreting GABA

Front 5

CATECHOLAMINES

Back 5

- group of neurotransmitters that include norepinephrine, epinephrine (adrenaline), and dopamine
- these neurotransmitters affect personality, mood, memory, and sleep
- Dopamine = regulates movement & reinforces substance addiction

Front 6

SEROTONIN

Back 6

-an inhibitory neurotransmitter
- low levels of serotonin are implicated in depression and anxiety disorders

Front 7

SPINAL CORD

Back 7

-31 sections to the spinal cord, divided into 5 groups from top to bottom (CTLSC)
1)cervical
2)thoracic
3)lumbar
4)sacral
5)coccygeal

-damage to the spinal cord at the cervical level (top) = quadriplegia
-damage to the spinal cord at the thoracic level (2nd from top) = paraplegia

Front 8

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)

Back 8

-CNS = brain + spinal cord
-spinal cord carries 411 b/n the brain and PNS; coordinates LFT and RT side of the body; controls simple reflexes not involving the brain

Front 9

5 STAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CNS

Back 9

PMDMS
1)PROLIFERATION - new cells formed in the neural tube (2.5 weeks old)
2)MIGRATION - new neurons move to appropriate spotsi n the brain and start to form structures (8 weeks)
3)DIFFERENTIATION - neurons develop axons and dendrites
4)MYELINATION - glial cells form and insulate the axons
5)SYNAPTOGENESIS - synapses form

Front 10

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)

Back 10

-transmits 411 b/n CNS and sensory organs and muscles
-PNS divided into 2 groups
1)Somatic nervous system (SNS) = voluntary movement; arousal
2)Autonomic nervous system (ANS) = involuntary movement; relaxation

Front 11

RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM (RAS)

Back 11

-part of the midbrain responsible for alertness and consciousness
-regulates sensory 411 especially during sleep
-damage to the RAS = disruption in sleep-wake cycle

Front 12

HINDBRAIN

Back 12

-made up of the pons and medulla which sit at the base of the brain on top of the spinal cord
-hindbrain = medulla, pons, & spinal cord

Front 13

MEDULLA & PONS

Back 13

Medulla - controls 411 flow b/n spinal cord and the brain; coordinates heart rate, swallowing, coughing, sneezing

Pons - bridge the two halves of the brain & responsible for coordinating movements b/n the right and left side of the body

Front 14

CEREBELLUM

Back 14

-responsible for balance and posture; coordinates fine motor movement
-damage to this part of the brain may cause ATAXIA = slurred speech, tremors, and loss of balance

Front 15

BASAL GANGLIA

Back 15

-includes caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra
-involved with voluntary movements, especially amplitude and direction of movement
-Parkison's, Tourette's, Hungtington's, mania, depression, and psychosis = abnormalities in the basal ganglia

Front 16

AMYGDALA

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-regulates emotional and motivational functions

Front 17

HIPPOCAMPUS

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-conslidates declarative memories
-processes spatial, verbal, and visual 411

Front 18

FOREBRAIN

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-consists of subcortical structures including
1) thalamus
2) hypothalamus
3) basal ganglia
4) limibc system

Front 19

THALAMUS

Back 19

-located in the forebrain
-takes in sensory 411 (except for olfactory input)and sends it to the appropriate part of the brain
-Korsakoff syndrome = atrophy in the thalamus

Front 20

HYPOTHALAMUS

Back 20

-located in the forebrain
-regulates hunger, thirst, sex
-responsible for maintaining homeostasis
-controls circadian rhythm through suprachiasmatic nucleus