Epithelium/glands For Exam 2

Front 1

Types of tissue

Back 1

Epithelium
Connective (Bone, Blood, Cartilage)
Nervous
Muscle

Front 2

Epithelia Characteristic

Back 2

Sheets or layers of cells in close apposition

Cover surfaces or line cavities
Very little intercellular materila
Always in contact with a basal lamina

Front 3

Ectodermally derived

Back 3

Epidermis

Front 4

Mesodermally derived

Back 4

Lining of body cavaties

Front 5

Endodermaly Derived

Back 5

Innermost Lining of much of the GI tract

Front 6

Fuctions of Epithelia

Back 6

Protection, secretion, excretion, absorption, sensory perception, wound healing and barrier formation

Front 7

Simple cell layer

Back 7

One cell layer thick to reach the basal lamina

Front 8

Stratified cell layer

Back 8

More than one cell layer thick

Front 9

Pseudostratified

Back 9

Lookes stratified but in reality isn't every cell reaches the basal lamina

Front 10

Three types of cell Layers

Back 10

Simple, Stratified, psuedostratified

Front 11

Cell shapes

Back 11

Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar

Front 12

Columnar

Back 12

cells at epithelial surface that appear to be columns

Front 13

Cuboidal

Back 13

Cells at the epithelial surface are cube or box like in shape

Front 14

Squamous

Back 14

cells at epithelial surface are flattened

Front 15

Keratinized

Back 15

epithelium is dead

Front 16

Simple Squamous epi. characteristics

Back 16

Single layer, squamous. Like Endothelial lining of blood vessels, mesothelial lining of the kidney

Front 17

Simple Cubodial epi. character...

Back 17

One cell layer thick, cuboidal in shape

Thyroid follicle epith.
Ducts of a number of glands/portions of tubule kidneys

Front 18

Simple Columnar epi. char.

Back 18

Single cell layer thick, shape of column. Frequently ciliated or striated
Internal epithelial lining of SI or LI, lining of uterus

Front 19

Pseudostratified columnar

Back 19

looks stratified but is NOT

All epi. reach basement membrane but not all reach the surface. Composed of short BASAL cells, and tall COLUMNAR cells. Frequently ciliated.

Internal lining of epidiymis,internal lining of trachea

Front 20

Stratified squamous

Back 20

More than one cell layer thick, cells on top appear flattened.
Found in parts of the body constantly exposed to trauma.

Epidermis of skin, (keratinized)
Internal lining of esophogus (not keratinized)

Front 21

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

Back 21

RARE

More than one cell layer thick, cells at the epithelial surface are cubodial in shape.

Present in Sweat Glands

Front 22

Stratified Columnar Epi

Back 22

RELATIVELY RARE

More than 1 cell layer thick, usually 2, cells at epi. surface are columnar in shape. Nuclei tend to be in 2 rows.

LARGE Ducts of certain glands
Mae urethra

Front 23

Transitional Epi.....

Back 23

FORM of STratified cubidal

Found in bladder/uriter

More than 1 cell layer thick but number of cell layers and their shape is dependent on degree of distention and/or contraction....

Non distended, 5-6 layers thick, surfaces cells are rounder/pear shap.

distended 2-3 thick, flattened at surface.

Front 24

Integrins

Back 24

Important for cell adhesions

Mediate cell-extracellular matrix interactions.

Front 25

cadherins

Back 25

medicate cell to cell interactions (Ca+ dependent found at adherens junctions, zonula adherens and desmesomes

Front 26

Desmosomes=

Back 26

desmogeins and desmocollins

Front 27

Tight Junctions

Back 27

Epithelial specilaization.

Adj. cells come very close, show pattern of ridges associated with juxtaposed membranes.

Many ridges=good seal
Few ridges=not good seal\

Found in intestine, between adjacent heptatic cells to form bile canliculi and some epi. in brain

Front 28

Occludin

Back 28

Transmembrane adhesion proteins whose EC domains interact with EX domains of other occludin molecues

Front 29

Significance of tight junctions??

Back 29

Materials transported across membranes need to go through epi. instead of around them

Restricts PM proteins to particular regions

Front 30

ADHERING JUNCTIONS

Back 30

zonula adherens (belt desmosomes)

Macula adherenes (desmosome or spot desmosomes)

Front 31

Zonula Adherens AKA belt desmosomes

Back 31

Forms a belt of adhesion between adjacent cells.
Cell membranes close but not tight junction close

CADHERINs- interact with EC domains of other cells via linker proteins to microfilaments. Attaches cells together

Front 32

Macula Adherens (desmosome or spot desmosome)

Back 32

Form spot like 'welds' between adjacent cells
Are related to cadherins
Can use transmembrane proteins or desmoplakins

Front 33

Desmogleins and Desmocollins

Back 33

Extracellular domains portions of transmemb. prot. from adjacent cells that tend to form a DENSE LINE going thru middle of desmosome in extracellular space

Front 34

Desmoplakin

Back 34

cytopla. protesins that interact with the cytoplasmic portions of desmogleins and desocollins.

mediate interaction between IF's and transmembrane proteins

FORM DENSE PLAQUE near desmosome

Front 35

Pemphigus Vulgaris

Back 35

Autoimune disease of widespread blistering and loss of extracellular fluids

Desmoglein antibodies to desmosonal proteins

Front 36

Hemidesmosomes-

Back 36

Half a desmisome forms between cell mem. of basal epi cell and adjacent bas. lamina

Front 37

Integrins

Back 37

transmembran proteins
extracellular domains interact with lamini found in basal lamina, cyto. domains interact with IF's via linker proteins

Front 38

Bullus Pemphigoid

Back 38

Autoimmune disease causes blistering at dermal epi. junction


Antibodies to hemides. IgG directed against Bullos pephigoid antigen located in lamina lucida of basal lamina

Front 39

Junction complex

Back 39

3 parts joined= "terminal bar'
zonula occulends
zonula adherens
macula adherens

Front 40

Gap junctions

Back 40

Form between adjacent cells very close

6 transmem protein (connexin) form a connexona and line up oppoite an identical structure in adjacent cell.

Numerous connexones aggregate in area to form complete junction

Front 41

Zonula Adherens AKA belt desmosomes

Back 41

Forms a belt of adhesion between adjacent cells.
Cell membranes close but not tight junction close

CADHERINs- interact with EC domains of other cells via linker proteins to microfilaments. Attaches cells together

Front 42

Macula Adherens (desmosome or spot desmosome)

Back 42

Form spot like 'welds' between adjacent cells
Are related to cadherins
Can use transmembrane proteins or desmoplakins

Front 43

Desmogleins and Desmocollins

Back 43

Extracellular domains portions of transmemb. prot. from adjacent cells that tend to form a DENSE LINE going thru middle of desmosome in extracellular space

Front 44

Desmoplakin

Back 44

cytopla. protesins that interact with the cytoplasmic portions of desmogleins and desocollins.

mediate interaction between IF's and transmembrane proteins

FORM DENSE PLAQUE near desmosome

Front 45

Pemphigus Vulgaris

Back 45

Autoimune disease of widespread blistering and loss of extracellular fluids

Desmoglein antibodies to desmosonal proteins

Front 46

Hemidesmosomes-

Back 46

Half a desmisome forms between cell mem. of basal epi cell and adjacent bas. lamina

Front 47

Integrins

Back 47

transmembran proteins
extracellular domains interact with lamini found in basal lamina, cyto. domains interact with IF's via linker proteins

Front 48

Bullus Pemphigoid

Back 48

Autoimmune disease causes blistering at dermal epi. junction


Antibodies to hemides. IgG directed against Bullos pephigoid antigen located in lamina lucida of basal lamina

Front 49

Junction complex

Back 49

3 parts joined= "terminal bar'
zonula occulends
zonula adherens
macula adherens

Front 50

Gap junctions

Back 50

Form between adjacent cells very close

6 transmem protein (connexin) form a connexona and line up oppoite an identical structure in adjacent cell.

Numerous connexones aggregate in area to form complete junction, which also acts as an aqueous channel pore between adjacent cells

Front 51

Connexons

Back 51

Discrete structure made of 6 connexin subunit in cell membrane of adjacent cells.

When binding to other cells creates aqueous pore

Front 52

Basement mem. components

Back 52

Basal lamina
lamina reticularis

Front 53

Basal lamina Made of?

Back 53

lamina lucida (light) and lamina densa (dar)

Front 54

lamina lucida

Back 54

Thin light colored layer

electron lucent portion of BM, right in glycoproteins laminin and entactn.

Laminin binds with Type IV collogen

Front 55

Lamina Densa

Back 55

Dark thicker layer

Meshwork of type IV collogan, which is sandwiched by proteoglycan and tightly ancored to reticular lamina by fibronectin

Front 56

Lamina reticulars

Back 56

Type I and type III cologen, forms interface of basal lamina and other connective tissue
Basic groups of collogen bind with acidic glycoaminoglycans of lamina densa.

Front 57

Microvilli

Back 57

Microscopic projections above free surface that are covered in cell membrane and create the appearance of "fuzzy coat" since there are glycoaminglycans on the surface.

core is made of microfilaments that run from terminal web to tip of microvillus, contain actin

Numerous, uniform in length and spacing (absorbative epithelium) creates striated or brus appearance

Creates large surface area contains enzymes to hydrolysis of sugar phosphates and splitting disachs. to monosacs.

Front 58

Sterocilia-

Back 58

CORE OF ACTIN filaments

Unusually long microvilli where apical ends twist together. Common in male repro. system.

NON-MOTILE
Increase abosrbative surfaces

Front 59

Cilia

Back 59

Relatively long, motile processes that extend from apical end of surfaces.

May occur sincly or in large numbers, shaft is covered in PM. arise from basal bodies

Composed of: 2 single central Mt (terminate where meet basal body)
9 peripheral pairs of fused db Mt.

Front 60

Cilai structure and movement

Back 60

9 peripheral pairs of fused MT,
each doublet joins a triplet of mt in basal body.
Move by dyein arms which extend from subfiber A towards subfiber B on adjacent doublet.

Front 61

Isochronal

Back 61

cilia that beat together

Front 62

metachronal

Back 62

cilia with a seqential beat, more common results in waves that sweep across epithelial surface

Front 63

Flagella

Back 63

Same axial structure as cilia except longer, usually only 1 or 2 per cell, beat in more random whiplike motion

Front 64

Filmentous structures

Back 64

IF's helps support cells
Microfilaments- especially numerous in cells associated with absorption and secretion.
forms stress fibers

Front 65

Vascular and Nervous supply of Epith

Back 65

Avascular-must diffuse into cell, thick epithelia underlying connective tissue forms vascular pipillae

Nervous-terminal branches of sensory nerves may penetrate basal laminae and end among epi. cells.

Front 66

Epithelial Repair

Back 66

Constantly renewing

Wound Regions
1. cells adjust to wound, become ameboid and increase mitotic rate

Front 67

Epi. Has 2 membranes

Back 67

Serous-mesothelium+basement membrane+connective tissu (line closed cavaties of body)

Mucous- (surface epi. +basement mem.+ connective tissue <lamina propria) Lines cavaties and canals which connect to exterior

Front 68

Epitheliod

Back 68

Epithelium like appearnce of non-epi. cells

Front 69

Metaplasia

Back 69

abnormal change from 1 distinctive kind of cell to another at a definte site after development is over

Front 70

Neoplasia

Back 70

abrnomal change from distinctive cell to a tumor cell.

Can be
Benign, metastic

Front 71

Hyperplasia

Back 71

Increase in number of cells in a tissue or organ excluding tumor formation.
Increases the bulk of the part or organ

Front 72

Hypertrophy

Back 72

Overgrowth or general increase in bulk of a part or organ

Front 73

Anaplasia

Back 73

Loss of structural differentiation

Particularly prevalent in malignant neoplasms

Front 74

Carcinoma

Back 74

Tumor of epithelial cell

Front 75

Light Microscope

Back 75

Used to study tissue sections

Front 76

Transmission electron microscope (TEM)

Back 76

stydy cytology or internal structures of cells

Front 77

polarizing microscope

Back 77

studies surface features of cells and tissues, 3D

Front 78

phase microscope

Back 78

study living tissue, works on principle indices along different refractive indices due to diff. cellular and subcell. components

Front 79

Interference microscopy

Back 79

altered version of phase microscope

Front 80

Flourescence micro

Back 80

UV light is light source used to examin flourescent material in tissue. SHOWS ACTIN BUNDLES

Front 81

Polarizing micro.

Back 81

Allows for the viewing of diff. biological materials by viewing diff. refractive indices along diff. optical axes

Front 82

confocal scanning micro.

Back 82

uses laser energy beam used to optically section a cell and can assemble a 3d picture

Front 83

Fixation

Back 83

preserves tissue morphology and chem. composition, stabilizes structure of cell. Formalin and alcohol are common fixers

Front 84

Dehydration

Back 84

Removing H20 from tissue so tissue is miscible in clearing agent such as alcohol

Front 85

Clearing

Back 85

Replac alcohol with agent miscible with paraffin. Toluene benzene etc

Front 86

Infiltration/embedding

Back 86

replace clearing agent with embedder, paraffin, gelatin etc.

Front 87

Sectioning

Back 87

Cut using microtome so it can be pass light thru section

Front 88

Staining

Back 88

Imparts color into cell

Front 89

Steps of tissue prep.

Back 89

1. Fixation
2. Dehydration
3. clearin
4. Infiltration/embedding
5. Sectioning
6. Staining

Front 90

How are frozen sections helpful?

Back 90

Useful for surgical biopsies allows surgeon to take sample for pathology.

Specimen is frozen and then cut and tained, used also to localize enzymes

Front 91

Artifacts are introduced during processing why?

Back 91

Due to imperfect techniques.
causes
Post mortem degradation
Shrinkage (clear spaces empty which were once occupied)
Precipitates- (improper buffering)
Fold/wrinkles (bad parafin placement
Nicking with microtomes- cutting/tearing tissue

Front 92

Major function of Glands?

Back 92

Speciallized for secreation

Front 93

Glands are discussed with epithelium why?

Back 93

They are typically the result of invaginations of epi. surfaces

Front 94

Glands are derived from?

Back 94

Ecto and endoderm make secretory glands. Endoderm makes GI while ectoderm makes mammary glands

Front 95

Secreations are what types of molecules?

Back 95

Protein carb complexs, proteins, lipids

Front 96

Parenchyma

Back 96

Epith. components of the gland

Front 97

Stroma

Back 97

connective tissue component that supports the parenchyma

Front 98

Exocrine glands?

Back 98

Have ducts and pass secreations onto an epithelium surface

Front 99

Endocrine

Back 99

have no ducts and go diretly into blood or lymph system

Front 100

Three methods of glanduclar secreation?

Back 100

Merocrine, Apocrine, Holocrine

Front 101

Merocrine does what?

Back 101

Cells remain intact, product is released via exocytosis

Front 102

Apocrine???

Back 102

Portion of the cell is lost during secreation

Front 103

Holocrine

Back 103

Entire cell is lost during secreation

Front 104

Glands can be?

Back 104

Unicellular or multicellular

Front 105

Classification of Exocrine Glands??

Back 105

Serous, Mucous, or mixed

Front 106

Serous Glands do what?

Back 106

Porduce a thin watery secreation.
The nuclie are rounded and seen near the base of the cell, the cytoplasm is strongly basophillic at the cell base due to numerous free ribosomes, Rough ER. APICAL cytoplasm may contain granular material

Front 107

Mucous glands?

Back 107

Produce viscous, slippery secretion.

Nuclei are flattened against secretory units, cytoplasm is strongly basophillic at the base, APICAL cytoplasm tends to look bubbly or foamy due to presence of many mucous secretory vesicles or droplets

Front 108

Serous Demilune is what??

Back 108

A crescent shaped group of serous cells capping mucous secreating units.

Front 109

Goblet cell is what?

Back 109

Simple columnar epithelial cell that secretes mucin, which dissolves in water to form mucus. Works by both apocrine and merocrine methods

Front 110

Simple glands have?

Back 110

No branching ducts

Front 111

Compound glands have?

Back 111

Duct Branches

Front 112

Myoepithelial cells?

Back 112

Are cells that help in the secretory process by pressing down on secratory cells, found between the basal lamina and base of secretory cells

Front 113

Diads of Cardiac Muscle

Back 113

T-tubule + a terminal portion of adjacent sarcoplasmic reticulum

Front 114

Acidic Stains

Back 114

Form Salt linkages with a positively charged tissue group. Stain is an Anion

Front 115

Base Stains

Back 115

Are cations that form salt bridges with negatively charged tissues

Front 116

Acidophilic

Back 116

Acid loving

Front 117

Basophilic

Back 117

Base loving

Front 118

Mematoxylin stain

Back 118

Basic stain that colors cells blue/purple

Very good on DNA and RNA due to high negaitve charge

Front 119

Enosin

Back 119

Acid stain. Red/pink colors

Has negative charge and binds primarily to proteins

Front 120

Trichrome stains

Back 120

stain for connective tissue (collagen)

Front 121

Elastic stains

Back 121

Stains for elastic fibers or tissues of connective tissue

Front 122

Silver Stains

Back 122

Stain for reticular fibers in connective tissue, also used in staining cells of the CNS... STAINS BLACK

Front 123

Argyrophillic

Back 123

Silver Loving

Commonly connective tissue

Front 124

Fat Stains

Back 124

OIL Red O and Sudan Black Stains

Front 125

Periodic acid-Shiff (PAS) Reactions

Back 125

React with carbohydrates

Front 126

Feulgen Staining Reaction

Back 126

For Nucleic acids

Front 127

OIL RED O and Sudan Black tests

Back 127

For staining Fats

Front 128

What is the PAS reaction?

Back 128

Fuchisn sulfurous acid reacts with aldehydes to create a red stain

Front 129

Feulgen Reaction

Back 129

Reacts with DNA. First causes tissues to react with mild HCl Hydrolyss which removes purines from DNA sugars exposing aldehyde groups.

PAS then is added to stain the aldehydes and make them appear red

Front 130

Schiff's Reagent

Back 130

Reacts with Aldehyde Groups

Front 131

Procedure for Staining Cellular Proteins

Back 131

1.Inject antigen into animals
2. Animal produces antibody to frgn obj.
3.Isolate antibody
4.Couple antibody to flourecent cmpd.
5.Prepare fresh frozen or alch. fixed section of tissue.
6.Add tagged protein
7. Wash off excess and localize tagged site in tissues

Front 132

Approximate diameter of a RBC? Why it is important?

Back 132

7micrometers, this is the diameter of typical parafin sections.