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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Point Prevalence/ Prevalence proportion |
- new and existing cases of the disease at a point in time/total study population x 10 |
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Prevalence |
- number of existing cases of a disease |
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Importance of Prevalence |
- provides an indication of the extent of a health problem |
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Rate |
- a ratio that consists of a numerator and a denominator and in which time forms a part of the denominator |
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Mortality rate |
deaths occurring during a given time period/population from which death occurred x 10 |
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Incidence rate |
New cases occurring during a given time period/population at risk during same time period x 10 |
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Person-time rate |
number of cases during observation/time each person observed; totalled for all persons |
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Attack rate |
new cases occurring during a short time period/population at risk during beginning of time period |
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Secondary attack rate |
New cases among contacts of primary cases during a short time period/population at beginning of time period- primary cases |
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Incidence |
- number of new cases of a disease that occurs in a group during a certain time period |
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Applications of Incidence |
- helps in research on the etiology/causality of the disease - used to estimate the risk of developing disease |
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Crude rate |
- a type of rate that has not been modified to take account of any of the factors such as demographic make up of the population that may affect the observed rate |
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Crude rate (cont.) |
- Includes a time period from which an event occurred - Numerator consists of frequency of disease - Denominator is a unit size of population |
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Crude death rate |
Number of deaths in a given year/reference population x 100,000 |
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Category Specific Rate |
- the number of cases per age (or any other characteristic) group of a population during a specified time |
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Adjusted rate |
- a rate of morbidity or mortality in a population in which statistical procedures have been applied to permit fair comparisons across populations by removing the effect of differences - age is a factor |
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Standardized mobility ratio |
SMR= observed/expected |
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Study design |
- the program that directs the researcher along the path of systematically collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data - it allows for descriptive assessments of events |
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Descriptive Epi |
- means of organizing, summarizing, and describing data by person, place, time |
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Ecologic study |
- the unit analysis of a group - Correlations between exposure rates and disease rates |
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Ecologic study (cont.) |
- these are studies where exposure data relating to a place are correlated to health data collected on individuals but summarized by place |
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Ecological fallacy |
- observations made at a group level may not represent the exposure-disease relationship a the individual level |
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Case report |
- involves a profile of a single individual |
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Case series |
- involves a small group of patients with a similar diagnosis |
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Cross-sectional survey |
- conducted over a short period of time and the unit of analysis is individual. - there is no follow up period |
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Cross-sectional survey (cont.) |
- can be used to study several associations at once - produces prevalence data - provides evidence for the need for analytic epidemiological studies |
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Cross-sectional survey weakness |
- unable to establish sequence of events - infeasible for studying rare conditions - potentially influenced by response bias |
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Serial survey |
- cross sectional surveys that are usually conducted - Census - Behavior Risk National Health Interview National Hospital discharge |
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Person |
- descriptive data on person answers the "who" question |
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Population or Age Pyramids |
- representation used by epidemiologist to track and compare changes in population overtime - |
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Expansive population |
- higher number of young people - growth is rapid |
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Constrictive population |
- lower number of young people - population growth is negaive |
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Stationary population |
- equal number of all age groups - growth is neutral or stable |
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Female Paradox |
- higher rates for pain, asthma |
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Five major categories for census (race) |
- white - black - american indian or Alaska native - asian - native Hawaiian |
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race/ethnicity |
- social construct - used to track healthy outcomes |
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place |
- addresses the where question |
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place variables |
- international - national - urban rural - localized patterns of disease |
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Time Variables |
- secular trends - cyclic trends - point epidemics - clustering |
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Secular trend |
- represent long term changes in health related states or events |
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short- term trends |
- usually brief, unexpected increases in health-related states or events |
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Cyclic trends |
- represent periodic increases and decreases in the occurrence of health related events |
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Point epidemic |
- the response of a group of people circumscribed in place to a common source of infection |
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Clustering |
- a closely grouped series of events or cases of a disease |
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Public Health Surveillance |
systematic ongoing collection of health data |
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Birth rate |
number of live births in a population during a specified time period/population from which birth occurred x 1000 |
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Fertility rate |
- number of live births in a population during a specified time period/population of women aged 15-44 years |
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Determinants of fertility rate |
- marriage disruption - sterility - postpartum - fecundability - induced abortion - contraception |
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Cause-specific mortality rate |
- mortality/population at midpoint of time period x 100,000 |
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Infant mortality rate |
- number of infant deaths among infants aged 0-365 days during the year/number of live births during the year x 1,000 live births |
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Case fatality rate |
number of deaths due to disease x/number of cases of disease x times 100 during a time period |
