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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two types of ocean derived power sources? |
Tidal Power & Wave Power |
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How does tidal power work? |
the rising and falling of seas due to moons gravitational pull creates energy of motion that can b converted to electricity. |
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How does wave power work? |
Motion of waves at ocean shores creates energy of motion that can be converted to electricity |
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What are the two main types of tidal power? |
Tidal Barrage & Tidal Stream Generation |
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What is tidal barrage? |
uses differences in tidal height to generate electricity. |
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What is tidal stream generation? |
uses energy of moving water to generate electricity. similar to wind turbines |
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What was the worlds largest power generating station until 2011? |
Rance power station in France |
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What are the cons of ocean power? |
- development could take up large portions of coastline valuable for other uses - could interfere with ecology of estuaries and intertidal shorelines - loss of cultural and societal value of coastal environments |
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What are the pros of ocean power? |
- renewable - no greenhouse gas emissions - low velocity turbines may have few impacts to ecological systems |
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How mich solar power does the sun provide? |
1360W/square meter |
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What are the two types of solar power energy capture? |
passive solar, & active solar. |
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What is Passive Solar? |
designs buildings to maximize capture of sunlight in winter, but keep buildings cool in summer. |
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What is active solar? |
uses technological devices to focus, move or stable solar energy. |
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What are the two types of active solar installations? |
solar collectors, and solar photovoltaic |
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Describe solar collectors |
concentrating sunlight onto a collecting body, which heats up, heat is used to run boiler OR non- concentrated (flat) solar collectors = flat plate and evacuated tube collectors to hear water or air |
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Describe solar photovoltaic |
materials that exhibit the photoelectric effect can be used to produce electricity from light. |
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What are the two types of solar collectors? |
Parabolic trophs and parabolic dishes |
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What do solar collectors do? |
concentrate suns rays to increase temperature of a thermally conductive material, which can be used to create electricity. |
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What is a solar furnace? |
Array of mirrors focus sunlight on a collector. |
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What are PV cells? |
Photovoltaic cells convert solar energy directly into electrical energy by making use of the photoelectric effects |
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Explain how PV cells work |
sunlight stikes one of a pair of negatively charged metal plates. Electrons migrate to opposing plates, and electric current is produced. |
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What is grid paridy? |
When alternative sources can generate electricity at levelled cost, same or less than buying from the grid. |
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What country reached grid paridy in 2011? |
Germany |
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What is FIT? |
Feed in Terrif Program. buys electricity on contract bias, BUT may pay more for types that have higher development and production costs. |
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What has made ontario a world leader in PV technology? |
their FIT program |
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What are the pros of solar power? |
renewable sun's energy abundant allow for local decentralization control over power no GHG emissions technology on the rise |
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What are the cons of solar power? |
not everywhere is sunny enough upfront investment is high environmental and aesthetic costs for last installations rare metals |
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What is biomass? |
organic material that can be used to produce usable forms of energy. Photosynthesis locks solar energy into chemical bonds. Can be used to produce heat and electricity. |
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Biomass can be used in what two ways? |
Combusted to provide heat, or converted to biofuel such as ethanol |
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Wood, agriculture waste, and garbage account for what % of the worlds energy? |
15% |
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Wood, agriculture waste, and garbage account for what % of Canada's energy? |
6% |
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Describe the process of how manure can be used as energy |
used in the production of methane. manure pumped into digester tanks, anaerobic bacteria break the material down into methane, CO2 and digestate. |
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What are some problems with biogas? |
temperature optima maintenance acidity; pH sensitive anaerobic bacteria NH3 toxicity CH4 won't liquefy - difficult to store |
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What are the costs of biomass? |
land clearing loss of nutrients loss of biodiversity where forests are logged or converted into plantations |
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What are the pros of biomass |
renewable as long as forests are not depleted usually inexpensive some waste can be used for energy capturing methane reduces that GHG |
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What are the cons of biomass? |
does not always reduce CO2 emissions as much as other renewables cutting trees can lead to deforestation growing crops for fuel is inefficient disrupt nutrient cycling |
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What is electrolysis? |
splitting water into H and O |
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Hydrogen as an energy source can be produced in which two ways? |
Fossil Fuels electrolysis of water |
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Explain how FF can help in H usage of energy |
at high temperatures, methane reacts with steam to form hydrogen gas and ater, but also bihydrogen = waste biogas + steam generation |
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What are Ballard fuel cells? |
direct use of hydrogen in file cells, or the conversion of hydrocarbons to generate hydrogen gas and electricity |
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How is energy produced from a fuel cell? |
opposite from electrolysis. H ions react with O to create an electrical charge. |
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What are the pros of Hydrogen power? |
will never run out of H can be clean and non-toxic, with no GHG emissions fuel cells potentially convenient, safe, and efficient |
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What are the cons of Hydrogen power? |
may not be environmentally clean, depending on how it is produced storage of H gas is very problematic. |
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Give examples of surface waters |
lakes, rivers, ponds, streams |
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List 5 uses for water |
drinking irrigation sanitation cooling recreation |
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How much water is on Earth? |
10^18 km^3 |
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How much of Earth's water is saline? |
96.5% |
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How much of Earth's water is freshwater? |
about 3% |
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of Earth's freshwater, how much of that is ice? |
1.7% |
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how much of Earth's water is accessible and usable for drinking? |
0.08% |
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Globally, agriculture uses how much of the worlds accessible freshwater? |
70% |
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Globally, industry uses how much of the worlds accessible freshwater? |
22% |
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Globally, municipality uses how much of the worlds accessible freshwater? |
8% |
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In Canada what accounts for most water usage? |
Hydroelectric generation |
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Together, municipal, agriculture, and forestry make up how much of Canada's water usage? |
25% |
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About how much of the worlds population live in chronic water shortages? |
8% |
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What are some examples of improved water sources? |
rainwater collection bottled water protected wells and springs piped water public taps and sandpipes |
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What is improved water? |
water that is protected from being contaminated |
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Where in canada is the most irrigation occurring? |
Alberta |
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What is the california state water project? |
in 2014, California state denied any agriculture users access to water |
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What is the Shand Dam? |
first 'modern' dam built in Canada on the Grand River ON. open in 1942. increased water quality in summer |
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What are canadas largest dams? |
Daniel-Johnson Dam W.A.C Bennett Dam |
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What are some problems with dams? |
block migration of fish population fragmentation limited lifespan sediment buildup |
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what are some reasons for removal of dams? |
dangerous inefficient and outdated ecologically damaging |
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Where is the Elwha River Dam located? |
Washington states olympic peninsula. |
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What are the two dams that are built on the Elwha River? |
Elwha River Dam Glines Canyon Dam |
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What are the damns on the elwha river used for? |
Electricity for economic development for Port Angeles |
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What is a major problem with the elwha river dams? |
no accommodation for fish movement |
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How much sediment has built up behind the elwha river dam? |
34 million cubic yards |
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Describe the elwha river ecosystem and fisheries restoration act of 1992 |
hope to restore river for salmon spawning and rearing, but problems with sediment loads as river downcuts through sediment. |
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How many jobs worldwide are linked to the ocean? |
350 million |
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How many people worldwide depend on fish as a primary source of protein? |
1 billion |
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What are ground fish? |
species of fish that live on, or near the bottom. |
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Give some examples of economically important ground fish. |
Cod, Flounder, Sole, Halibut |
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What is the difference between demersal and benthic fish? |
Demersal fish live in water just above the bottom and benthic fish live lying on the bottom. |
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Which are more dense; demersal or benthic fish? |
benthic |
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What are finfish? |
All true fish that are not fished from the bottom. |
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Where are finfish found? |
Pelagic or near shore environments |
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Define Pelagic |
far from shore, not near bed. |
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Which is higher in oil content; finfish or ground fish? |
finfish |
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Life some of the economical important finfish species. |
salmon, tuna, mackerel, herring |
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What are shellfish? |
any hard shelled invertebrate used as food |
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What are some of the groups of shellfish? |
molluscs, crustaceans, echinoderms |
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List some of the species of economically important shellfish |
crab, shrimp, crayfish, clams, oysters, mussels, octopus, squid, lobster |
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What is aquiculture? |
aquatic farming |
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About how many species are used in aquiculture? |
450 |
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What are some examples of species used in aquiculture? |
carp, salmon, tilapia, catfish, shrimp, prawns, crayfish, oysters, mussels, clams |
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Is the grass carp FW or marine? |
Fresh Water |
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What family is the grass carp in? |
Cyprinidae |
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How much grass carp is harvested annually? |
> 5 million tonnes |
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Where is the grass carp native to? |
East Asia |
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Where does the grass carp live? |
turbid rivers, warm lakes, and floodplains. |
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What does the grass carp eat? |
Plant material. |
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What are the different types of fisheries? |
recreational, artisanal, commersial |
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describe recreational fishing |
not fishing for profit, for more pleasure/competition. generally rod and reel. |
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describe artisanal fishing |
small scale, low-tech fisheries, by household or individuals, not companies. |
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describe commercial fishing |
catch for commercial profit. large corporations, and small family owned businesses. rely heavily on few species. |
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What is some of the gear used in commercial fishing? |
hook & line, Nets/Purse seining, trawling, traps & pots |
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Describe nets/purse seining |
either surrounding fish or catch by tangling or lodging into gills |
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describe trawling |
tow a net along, or just above bed. |
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describe traps & pots |
many types, essentially cages which animals can enter but not leave. |
